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A controversy exists among contempory coaches and physiologists relative to the effectiveness of interval vs. continuous running. The purpose of this study was to compare interval and continuous running on the aerobic capacities of young men. Twelve college age men were divided into two groups, matched according to V02 max (ml/kg-min). One group trained on a short distance (110-660 yards) interval program, while the other group trained on long, steady, continuous runs. Both groups were tested, trained, and re-examined. The testing periods consisted of one all out run to exhaustion and at least two submaximal runs, all on thetreadmill. Variables recorded were V02 (ml/kg-min), V02 (1/min), VE , and heart rate. It was found that both training methods significantly increased the aerobic capacity in terms of V02 max (ml/kg-min); however, neither method was superior. In addition, it was noted that both training methods reduced the cost of running in terms of V02 (1/min) and heart rate but neither method was more effective.

Abstract PO2 DEPENDENCE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OF DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC RATS By: Alexander C. Liles A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2017 Advisor: Roland N. Pittman, Ph.D. Department of Physiology and Biophysics Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major medical problem around the world, affecting nearly 6% of the world’s population. This study was an attempt to better understand physiological changes the disease may cause to the microcirculation and more specifically, to assess the dependence of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle of a diabetic animal model. The spinotrapezius muscles of Goto-Kakizaki (G-K) and Wistar control rats were used to measure interstitial using phosphorescence quenching microscopy. The G-K rats spontaneously develop T2DM and serve as an appropriate model for the disease in humans. By rapidly arresting blood flow in the tissue and observing the resulting changes, an oxygen disappearance curve (ODC) was created. The ODC was used to calculate oxygen consumption rate (VO2) over the physiological range of PO2 values. The resulting VO2 vs PO2 curves were analyzed using Hill’s equation to fit the data and obtain values of several key parameters to quantitatively describe the PO2 dependence of oxygen consumption. When compared to healthy control rats, the G-K rats exhibited a significantly higher Vmax, or maximum rate of oxygen consumption, compared to the Wistar rats. The two rat sub-strains had similar values for P50, which indicates the PO2 at half maximal consumption. The overall higher maximal rate of consumption by the diseased animals could be explained by some disconnect in the consumption of oxygen by the mitochondria and the normal corresponding production of ATP. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that in situ muscle tissue from both diabetic and non-diabetic rats had a PO2 dependence of oxygen consumption over a wide range of PO2 values and the muscles of diabetic animals consumed oxygen at a higher maximal rate.

Adult chickens employ endothermy – internal generation of heat that maintains a constant body temperature (Tb). Prior to hatching, chicken embryos are ectothermic - controlling Tb by external heat sources. Upon hatching, the hatchling transitions from an ectotherm to an endotherm that has been shown to be delayed by hypoxia. In this study, whole animal oxygen consumption () and liver, heart, and skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity (CSA) and were measured during this transition to endothermy in chickens incubated in normoxia and hypoxia (15% O2). The only significant differences in occurred in 48 hour old hatchlings where was lower in normoxic hatchlings. There were no differences in CS activity between age and incubation oxygen levels. Additionally, preliminary 2-D protein gels of embryo and hatchling liver show changes in the proteome upon hatching. Results suggest that hypoxia had no significant effect on CSA and a minimal effect on .

Li Chak Ming = 18O氧同位素效應對La0.67Ca0.33MnO3薄膜之影響 / 李澤銘. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Li Chak Ming = 18O yang tong wei su xiao ying dui La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 bo mo zhi ying xiang / Li Zeming. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Magnetoresistance (MR) 1 - --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Magnetoresistance (MR) 1 - --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) 1 - --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Anisotropy Magnetoresistance (AMR) 1 - --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) --- p.1-4 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Double exchange mechanism 1 - --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Jahn-Teller effect --- p.1-6 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Tolerance factor 1 - --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.8 --- The effect of doping --- p.1-10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Possible origin of oxygen isotope effect --- p.1-12 / Chapter 1.3 --- Our approach --- p.1-14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Scope of this thesis work --- p.1-14 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Experimental methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Thin film deposition --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Facing Target Sputering (FTS) --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Vacuum system --- p.2-4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Annealing systems --- p.2-6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Oxygen annealing system --- p.2-6 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Oxygen exchange system --- p.2-8 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Vacuum annealing system --- p.2-10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Characterization --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- a -step profilometer --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Resistance measurement --- p.2-15 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Epitaxial growth of LCMO single layer thin film / Chapter 3.1 --- Fabrications and characterization of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 target --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.2 --- Substrate materials --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.3 --- Preparation of LCMO thin film --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Deposition conditions --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Deposition procedure --- p.3-10 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Post-annealing effect --- p.3-13 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Oxygen in LCMO thin film / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.4-1 / Chapter 4.2 --- High Pressure Oxygenation --- p.4-2 / Chapter 4.3 --- Characterization --- p.4-7 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Determination of oxygen content --- p.4-9 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Tolerance factor, t" --- p.4-12 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Oxygen isotope effect in LCMO thin film / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.5-1 / Chapter 5.2 --- Identification on successiveness of oxygen exchange --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Oxygen annealing treatment --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Identification of 18O by SIMS --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.3 --- Investigation of isotope effect on LCMO thin film --- p.5-7 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.5-7 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Oxygen exchange --- p.5-7 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Vacuum annealing --- p.5-9 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Isotope effect --- p.5-9 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.5-19 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Isotope effect on the hopping activation energy / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.6-1 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Variable range hopping --- p.6-2 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Small polaron models --- p.6-2 / Chapter 6.2 --- Activation energy --- p.6-4 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussions --- p.6-9 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.7-1

Introduction: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the administration of 100% oxygen at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere. One recurrent criticism that has been made of this field is that treatment is based on little or no good clinical evidence. Aims: The primary objective of this thesis is to make a useful response to that criticism. I planned to collate all the available randomised evidence in the fields of diving and hyperbaric medicine, supply a critical appraisal of each paper, and synthesise that evidence in a series of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. I also intended to use a cost analysis of hyperbaric practice in our own facility to inform formal cost-effectiveness analysis using the estimates of effect generated by the individual meta-analyses. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify all clinical RCTs involving the administration of hyperbaric breathing mixtures. Each trial was appraised using the software developed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Each critical appraisal was loaded onto a searchable web site at www.hboevidence.com. Each diagnostic category identified was considered for inclusion in a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: The database includes 130 critical appraisals covering 173 separate reports. The site has received more than 17,000 hits. There are 12 formal meta-analytical reviews and all have been accepted for publication in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews at the time of writing. These form the basis of this thesis and include late radiation tissue injury, chronic wounds, acute hearing loss and tinnitus, multiple sclerosis and decompression illness. The meta-analyses in this thesis suggest there are several areas where HBOT is associated with improved clinical outcomes and that routine use is probably justified in some areas (e.g. radiation proctitis healing with HBOT: NNT 3, 95%CI 2 to 11). On the other hand, these analyses suggest there is most unlikely to be significant clinical benefit from the application of HBOT to patients currently referred for HBOT (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Conclusions: The randomised evidence for the use of HBOT is now significantly easier to access. Recommendations for therapy and future research directions can be made on the basis of these analyses.

Typescript (photocopy) / v, 151 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Organic Chemistry, 1982

The peer-reviewed publications contained within this thesis describe studies that have contributed significantly to the understanding of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) for Australian Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. My personal contribution to each of these studies ranged from the initial development of the hypotheses and design and execution of the investigations, submission of research grants applications to fund the studies through to preparation of the manuscripts for publication. When LTOT was first introduced into Australia I was fortunate to meet the key experts in LTOT including Professors Tom Petty, Nick Anthonisen, David Flenley, Pierre Levi-Valensi and Peter Howard. At that time all were involved in randomised controlled trials of oxygen therapy. (1, 2), 3). I also visited several oxygen concentrator and oxygen supply companies in the USA and UK. It was during these visits that I became convinced that the concentrator provided a more economical and efficient method of LTOT delivery. In 1980, an oxygen concentrator was imported to Australia by the spouse of one of our patients suffering from emphysema who was receiving long term oxygen via cylinders In 1982, two oxygen concentrators were donated to FMC by two different manufacturers (DeVilbis and Marx) based in the USA. These instruments were trialled on a male and female patient receiving LTOT in the Southern Adelaide metropolitan area. The initial acceptance of this device by these patients led to a submission to the South Australian Department of Health for a grant to purchase 40 units. Funds were finally obtained for the purchase of 34 concentrators by FMC and these were rolled out to the then existing patients who were receiving LTOT in 1984. Up to this point in time the only published guidelines or recommendations for LTOT came from the American College of Chest Physicians in 1973(3) and the American Thoracic Society in 1977(4). In 1982, the staff of the Respiratory Unit, FMC held a workshop where it was agreed that patients' would be assessed for home oxygen therapy using the 1977 American Thoracic Society Guideline. The late Professor Ann Woolcock presented a paper during a 1983 symposium titled "Long Term Oxygen Therapy: A World View" during a 1983 symposium held in Toronto, Canada where she estimated that at that time 2,100 patients were receiving oxygen in New South Wales for an average of 1 hour per day. She further reported that the use of cylinders ranged from 1 cylinder a year to 14 cylinders per week. Physicians were reported to have been conservative in their approach to oxygen therapy and that only 50 people were on long term oxygen therapy in New South Wales. Presumably the vast majority of these patients were receiving intermittent oxygen therapy. Woolcock mentioned that oxygen concentrators were available but provided no specific detail of their use in Australia(5). The first Australian guideline for the provision of domiciliary long-term oxygen therapy appeared in 1985. This guideline was developed at the request of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. 6). In the same year I published my first paper relating to the provision of oxygen therapy via an oxygen concentrator based on our initial experiences with this technology(7). In the following year I published a paper documenting the analysis of the costs for providing home oxygen therapy. I also reported how Cost-Centre Management led to the introduction of practical measures for improved clinical decision making and improved expenditure control resulting in substantial cost savings(8). This publication led to a paper reporting the rationalization of the supply of home oxygen in the Hunter region of New South Wales.(9). This paper also reported the one to five year survival rates for their patients. At that time only between 5 and 12% of patients were receiving LTOT oxygen via an oxygen concentrator. At best, oxygen therapy is cumbersome with the patient 'tethered' to the oxygen source that, in the past, limited the movement of the patient due to the size and weight of the oxygen cylinders. Oxygen concentrators provided a partial answer to these problems. The introduction of this new technology led to ongoing evaluation of the impact on patient care and acceptance of the intervention and whether the expected outcomes increased survival and quality of life, were achieved(10). In 1991 I published the first detailed Australian data on survival for patients receiving home oxygen therapy. The results of this study indicated that the mortality rate for COPD with respiratory failure at 1 year was twice the rate reported by the Medical Research Council Working Party and the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy multicentre trials. This was in spite of the baseline physiological parameters for our patients being similar to the patients in these benchmark studies. I was later able to show that survival of our long term oxygen patients was no better than the control group of the original MRC study(11-13).The second significant observation was that females survived longer than males(14). In 1992 a further paper was published and reported that in spite of strict prescription criteria and the introduction of a cost-saving new technology oxygen concentrators, the budget for this intervention remained under pressure. This was largely due to a rapidly increasing demand from eligible patients(10).A further analysis of the longitudinal data resulted in a report of an association between home oxygen therapy with a reduction in respiratory admissions and bed days(15). At this time there was a relative paucity of information about the trends of mortality in COPD in Australia. To further understand the burden of disease (COPD) and changing trends in mortality over time a research project was undertaken that indicating that the mortality of females from COPD was increasing whilst it was decreasing in males(16). The relatively poor survival outcomes for our home oxygen patients prompted further attempts to understand the costs and benefits in terms of quality of life and the evaluation of two generic health related quality of life questionnaires available at that time (1996). The results of the study suggested that the sole use of the SF-36 as a health outcome measure in COPD patients might fail to provide information about the mental domains of their quality of life. Decreased cognitive function, anxiety and depression were shown in Australian COPD patients(17). A series of papers published in Europe describing the observations made on Australian home oxygen patients were published between 1996 and 2000 at the request of the International Oxygen Club. The membership of this club included Professors Tom Petty, David Flenley, Pierre Levi-Valensi, Peter Howard, Heinrich Matthys and Roland Keller(11, 18, 19, 20 ). Further attempts to rationally allocate resources in the management of COPD in the acute care setting were reported in 1999 using Program Budgeting and Marginal Analysis. (21). I undertook a systematic Cochrane Review of the five randomized controlled trials of the use of home or long term oxygen therapy in COPD demonstrating that this intervention improved survival in a selected group of severely hypoxaemic COPD patients (22). However, this intervention does not appear to provide any benefit for patients with moderate hypoxaemia or nocturnal desaturation. (20) This review has been translated into several languages and is cited as the basis of many of the more recent guidelines regarding LTOT. More recently a NH&MRC funded study report was published reviewing the impact of evidence based clinical practice concerning LTOT. This report resulted in several peer reviewed papers being published where we explored the relationship between the evidence and the observed outcomes in terms of both survival and quality of life(13, 23, 24). Finally, we conducted a study of the relative survival of our patients compared to those patients with similar characteristics in France. We demonstrated that our patients' relative survival was less than their French counterparts(25). At the time of publication this was only the second paper to be ever-published using relative survival analysis in COPD and the first in Australia. This difference is hard to explain by the level of severity, number of pack years or level of lung function impairment. Other possible factors contributing to the excess mortality in South Australian COPD patients need to be investigated. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2005.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-97). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The purpose of this study was to compare physiological variables (i.e. oxygen consumption, blood lactate, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio) during exercise on a double poling ergometer modified for sit skiers to a field test for the same skiers. Three male and four female athletes from the Canadian National / Developmental team (17-54 years of age, ranging in ability from a complete T7 spinal injury to cerebral palsy) completed a field test and a double poling ergometer protocol separated by at least 24 hours. Both protocols consisted of three maximal sets of skiing of three minutes duration per set separated by approximately one and a half minutes rest. A wireless metabolic system (Sensormedics, VmaxST or Cosmed, K4b2) and heart rate monitor were used to measure physiological responses during each test. Arterialized blood lactate was measured before and after each set and for 15 minutes post exercise. There were no significant differences between the field and ergometer tests for peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) (field=35±6 mL/kg/min vs. ergometer=33±7 mL/kg/min; p=0.491). However, significantly higher peak heart rate (field=173±5 bpm vs. ergometer=178±4 bpm; p=0.046) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (field=1.2±0.1 vs. ergometer=1.4±0.1; p=0.022) were found during the double poling ergometer protocol. There were no significant differences in blood lactate at baseline and after set one between protocols. However, a significantly higher lactate was found after set two (field=7±4 mmol/L vs. ergometer=12±5 mmol/L; p<0.001) and set three (field=8±3 mmol/L vs. ergometer=13±4 mmol/L; p=0.001) during the ergometer protocol compared to the field test. There were moderate correlations between the field and double poling ergometer for VO2 peak (r=0.79; p=0.035), and peak blood lactate (r=0.83; p=0.02). However, no correlations were found between protocols for peak heart rate (r=0.37; p=0.491) and RER (r=0.54; p=0.207). Results of this study suggest that the double poling ergometer is similar to a field test for evaluating VO2 peak in elite cross country sit skiing athletes; however, the ergometer test involves a higher heart rate and anaerobic component.