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The current research on non-migratory antiozonant systems for natural rubber follows a tripartite study involving the formulation of a coating compound with static and dynamic ozone testing of the coatings, a review of some commercial in-mould coating techniques and analysis of diffusion of a commercial antiozonant through a coating. An outline of the mixing of Nipol 1312, a low molecular weight nitrile butadiene rubber grade produced by leon Chemicals Inc., with other ingredients to produce a coating composition is also given. Test pieces of the natural rubber substrate were placed in pre-coated mould cavities and cured under compression to achieve covulcanisation between the substrate and the coating. All ozone tests were carried out under standard ASTM DI149-911D518-91 conditions. Results show that the formulated nitrile rubber coating compound is able to protect natural rubber from ozone attack with no migration of the antiozonant as in classical chemical antiozonant systems. An up to date patent search on in-mould coating techniques and systems was carried out and evaluated in conjunction with some current commercial coating methods. In this overview, more emphasis is laid on the nature of the coating material which subsequently determines the appropriate coating technique, than on the specific in-mould coating process applied. Post-mould coating work with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on natural rubber substrate was also assessed. An experimental and theoretical study of the diffusion of the antiozonant N,Isopropyl N-phenyl-pphenylenediamine (IPPD) through a protective coating on a natural rubber substrate is made in the project. This study shows that the protective coating is able to reduce the loss of antiozonant through diffusion while giving the rubber adequate protection from ozone. The study also demonstrates that the combination of a commercial antiozonant and a protective coating gives enhanced product service life and provides protection to damaged regions of the coating.

Trihalomethanes such as chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform are formed when natural water is chlorinated in water treatment. This investigation explores the use of ozone to remove organic precursors from natural water, thus decreasing trihalomethane formation potential. The data suggest a mechanism involving formation of secondary precursors after prolonged contact with ozone, suggesting that trihalomethane precursors may be minimized by using low doses of ozone and short contact time.

No description available.

To ensure oil sands process water (OSPW) is suitable for discharge into the environment, advanced water treatment technologies are required. In this study, integrated ozonation-biodegradation was investigated as a potential treatment option for OSPW. The treatment efficiency was evaluated in terms of naphthenic acid (NA) degradation, chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbonaceous Biological oxygen demand (CBOD), and acute toxicity reduction. Degradation of NAs of more than 99% was achieved using a semi-batch ozonation system at a utilized ozone dose of 80 mg/L combined with subsequent biodegradation. The results also show that ozone decreased the amount of COD while increasing the biodegradability of COD. It was noted that the carbon number and number of NA rings influenced the level of NA oxidation. With a utilized ozone dose of approximately 100 mg/L, the ozonated and biodegraded treated OSPW showed no toxic effect towards bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The results of this study indicate that integrated ozonation-biodegradation is a promising treatment technology for OSPW. / Environmental Engineering

Water quality data are presented from a laboratory bench scale soil columns study, to simulate an aquifer recharge system injected with MBR wastewater effluent. This study investigates the effect of soil filtration and ozonation on the dissolved organic carbon and bacterial count in the wastewater. Flow Cytometry was used to quantify microorganisms in water samples. Other analytical tests were conducted as well, such as seven anions, fluorescence spectroscopy (FEEM), ultraviolet absorption (UV 254 nm) and dissolved organic carbon measurement (DOC). Influent in this study was injected into two identical soil columns. One of the columns was injected with treated wastewater combined with ozonation called SC1, The second column was injected with treated wastewater only and called SC2. Passing the wastewater through a deeper depth in the soil column showed a reduction in the DOC concentration. Removal of DOC was 53.7 % in SC1 and 53.8 % in SC2. UV 254 nm results demonstrated that the majority of the UV absorbing compounds were removed after the first 30 cm in the soil columns. FEEM results revealed that soil column treatment only doesn't remove humic-like and fulvic-like substances. However, combining soil column treatment with ozonation was capable of removing humic-like, fulvic-like and protein-like substances from the wastewater. Flow Cytometry results showed a bacteria removal of 52.5 %-89.5 % in SC1 which was higher than SC2 removal of 29.1 %-56.5 %.

This study reviews catalytic ozonation AOPs and traditional ozone-based AOPs to compare their efficiency for degradation of ozone-recalcitrant compounds. With the world’s population increasing and water becoming a scarce resource, it is important to improve current water recycling methods. Recycling water will play a large role in accommodating the increasing demand, but it will also be necessary to be improve the level of treatment in order to account for emerging contaminants (ECs) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed to degrade ECs that are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment. The goal of implementing AOPs is to promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which are stronger oxidants than ozone, to degrade recalcitrant compounds. Current AOPs under investigation include ozonation of metal and carbon-based catalysts, known as catalytic ozonation. Traditional ozone-based AOPs currently in use include UV combined with ozone (UV/O3) and hydrogen peroxide combined with ozone (H2O2/O3). Seventeen studies were reviewed to analyze the effectiveness of multiple carbon- and metal oxide-catalytic ozonation AOPs, compared to traditional AOPs. These studies varied in reactor type, water source, pH, catalyst pretreatment, inclusion of competitor species, and flow regime. The variety of testing conditions made comparison difficult, so all studies were compared based on contaminant removal efficiency and degradation rate, as well as general EC degradation and removal of TOC. The addition of metal oxides during ozonation consistently increased rate of removal and in some cases, even doubled the reaction rate. Catalytic ozonation consistently decreased total organic carbon (TOC) levels amongst multiple studies, even in the presence of competitor species. Future work should study the formation and subsequent breakdown of reaction intermediates, role of competitor species, and impact of sorption to the ozonation catalyst.

No description available.

Results from this study, which has investigated the impact of the treatment technologies of chlorination, ozonation and UV irradiation on pool water quality are reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of these technologies in an unbiased way using a unique protocol, and to calculate a mass balance across the pool system. Data refer to a protocol based on operation of a 2.2m (cubed) capacity pilot swimming pool, which allows the comparison of technologies applied with reference to the propensity to generate the chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) of chloramines and trihalomethanes (THMs). The protocol makes use of a specially developed body fluid analogue (BFA), containing simulant endogenous organic matter, with a soiling analogue consisting of commercial humic acid (HA). Using this analogue, levels of organic carbon (OC) and chloramines similar to those recorded in real pools have been obtained, along with somewhat lower levels of THMs. Results revealed conventional chlorination leads to steady-state TOC and DBP levels following an equilibrium period of 200-600 hours, with concentration values which are dependent on BFA loading rate. Following equilibration nitrate is the only DBP accumulating in the pool water, accounting for between 4% and 28% of the ammoniacal nitrogen loaded into the pool depending upon the operating conditions (primarily the Cl:N ratio). Both UV irradiation and ozonation, the latter combined with downstream adsorption, provide a similar efficacy in reducing chloramine levels, with their effect on THM and nitrate formation being highly dependent on the pH level and chlorine dose rate. This study builds on previous experimentation by including a more rigorous analysis of ozone-GAC with respect to DBP formation, a unique analysis of UV irradiation and a more comprehensive mass balance calculation of C, Cl and N across the pool. The study has established that no accumulation of carbon takes place in the pool, contrary to postulations made in previous published studies, and that the balance between the chloramines and THM DBPs is significantly affected by the HA loading.

Actuellement, les systèmes d’épuration des eaux n’ont pas été conçus pour éliminer les substances médicamenteuses notamment les hormones (estrogènes). Ces molécules sont ainsi déversées dans le milieu naturel et contaminent les rivières. Le 17 α-éthinylestradiol a été choisie comme molécule modèle pour illustrer la présence d’un perturbateur endocrinien dans une eau résiduaire. Cette molécule présente un réel risque pour la faune et la flore (Féminisation des poissons mâles, diminution de la reproduction…). L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer l’efficacité de la photocatalyse et de l’ozonation pour éliminer l’Ethinylestradiol dans les eaux. Le procédé d’oxydation utilisant l’ozone a été appliqué dans un premier temps sur des solutions concentrées d’éthinylestradiol (EE2 = 10 mg/L) préparées dans une eau ultrapure tamponnée afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’élimination de ce composé et d’évaluer l’efficacité en terme de taux de conversion de EE2 et de la minéralisation du substrat. Les expériences réalisées ont permis de montrer que l’ozone est un oxydant très efficace pour oxyder l’éthinylestradiol. L’oxydation se fait essentiellement par réaction directe de l’ozone sur la molécule d’EE2 alors que sa minéralisation nécessite la conversion de l’ozone en radicaux hydroxyles qui vont ensuite réagir sur la structure saturée de la molécule organique. L’étude de l’ozonation de solutions EE2 à différentes concentrations a permis d’établir une relation entre la concentration initiale en polluant dans l’eau et la dose d’ozone à introduire pour éliminer ce composé à un pH proche de la neutralité. Cette relation a été utilisée pour estimer la dose d’ozone à appliquer pour une eau contaminée par EE2 à une concentration proche de celle rencontrée dans les eaux résiduaires et comparée à celle obtenue sur une eau provenant de la station d’épuration du Bourget du Lac. L’efficacité du procédé photocatalytique a été évaluée en travaillant sur les vitesses de disparition et de minéralisation de EE2 en présence de TiO2 «Degussa P25» et TiO2 PC500. Les cinétiques d’adsorption et de dégradation photocatalytiques ont été évaluées dans une gamme de concentration allant de 1 à 10 mg/L en travaillant à différentes masses de photocatalyseur. Les constantes d’adsorption et de vitesse, modélisés avec les modèles de Langmuir et Langmuir-Hinshelwood respectivement révèlent, (1) des propriétés d’adsorption et de photocatalyse plus importante pour le photocatalyseur TiO2 «Degussa P25», (2) des constantes d’adsorption différentes en présence ou en absence d’irradiation et aucune proportionnalité entre quantité de EE2 adsorbée et concentration en photocatalyseur. Cette absence de corrélation est expliquée en considérant la taille des particules. La formation d’agrégats de plus en plus important est observée en augmentant la masse de TiO2. La minéralisation de EE2 est totale après moins d’une heure d’irradiation en travaillant avec une puissance lumineuse de 5,5 mW/cm2 et 10 mg/L de EE2 indiquant l’efficacité de ce procédé. / Currently, systems for water treatment have not been designed to eliminate drug substances such as hormones (estrogen). These molecules are thus discharged into the environment and contaminate rivers. The 17 α-ethinylestradiol has been chosen as model molecule to illustrate the presence of an endocrine disrupter in water waste. This molecule presents a real risk to wildlife (feminization of male fish, reduced reproduction ...). The objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of photocatalysis and ozonation to remove Ethinylestradiol waters. The oxidation process using ozone was applied initially in concentrated solutions of ethinylestradiol (EE2 = 10 mg / L) prepared in ultrapure water buffered to better understand the mechanisms of elimination of this compound and evaluate the effectiveness in terms of conversion rate of EE2 and mineralization of the substrate. Experiments have shown that ozone is a very effective oxidant for oxidation of ethinylestradiol. Oxidation occurs mainly by direct reaction of ozone on the molecule while EE2 mineralization involves the conversion of ozone into hydroxyl radicals which will then react on the structure of the saturated organic molecule. The study of ozonation of EE2 solutions at different concentrations has established a relationship between the initial concentration of pollutant in the water and the dose of ozone introduced to eliminate this compound at a pH near neutrality. This relationship was used to estimate the dose of ozone applied to water contaminated with EE2 at a concentration close to that found in wastewater and compared to that obtained water from the treatment plant Bourget du Lac. In the second part of our work, we studied the advanced oxidation process "Photocatalysis". The adsorption and photodegradation of EE2 were performed on the surface of TiO2 Degussa P25 "and under UV radiation (λ = 365 nm). The results were modeled using the model of Langmuir and Langmuir Hinshelwood respectively. These models allowed us to determine for different masses of TiO2 quantities of EE2 adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 and the constants of adsorption in the dark under UV light, and the rate constants. These values were compared to those obtained under the same conditions but on a different type of catalyst TiO2 PC500. The measurement of particle size of TiO2 shows the formation of agglomerates increasingly important function of the mass of catalyst TiO2 PC500 and it allowed us to explain the values of the constants of adsorption and kinetic results