Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African apple juice processing industry is growing rapidly and during the harvesting season the wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly with a considerable environmental impact. These larger apple juice processing wastewater (AJPWW) volumes and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads subsequently lead to faster increases in the organic loading rate (OLR) of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) wastewater treatment system and it is necessary to know if the treatment system can handle such drastic increases over short periods. The objective of the study were to evaluate the efficiency of the UASB process in the treatment of an AJPWW; to determine what effect a substrate viscosity increase, based on a pectin calcium gel has on the performance of an UASB system, and to determine what impact ozonation has on the pectin content, gelformation ability and biodegradability of the AJPWW. The ability of the UASB to maintain stability during the apple-processing season was investigated by increasing the OLR from 2.9 to over 14.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 131 days. During this time the COD removal remained constant at 85%, while the pH and alkalinity remained at levels indicative of good reactor stability. It was thus concluded that the UASB reactor could operate successfully during the apple-harvesting season when wastewater volumes and organic loads increase significantly. In the study it was found that the viscosity of the AJPWW, containing 750 mq.L-1 pectin, increased from 8.5 to 47.0 cps after a 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2 + addition. This increased viscosity substrate was then fed to an UASB reactor at an OLR of 15.0 kg COD.m-3.d-1. During a 12 day increased viscosity (47 cps) feeding stage the COD removal decreased from 94 to 11%, while the reactor pH decreased from 7.5 to 4.9. During this period, pectin accumulated in the UASB and led to biomass washout and rapid UASB failure. The possible elimination of pectin by ozonation was thus investigated, and a 77% decrease in pectin content and 76% decrease in gel formation ability occurred after ozonation. The effect of pre- and post-ozonation on the efficiency of the UASB system was subsequently investigated. It was found that a 10 min pre-ozonation decreased the AJPWW COD by 19% and the total suspended content by 36%, while the soluble portion of the total COD was increased from 81.7 to 92.4%. This increase in soluble COD content should lead to increased wastewater biodegradability. The ozonated AJPWW was then used to replaced the raw non-ozonated AJPWW as reactor feed. Results showed that the COD removal increased from 78 to 90% within 24 h of starting with the ozonated feed. It was also found that the reactor stability improved after AJPWW pre-ozonation as an OLR increase from 10.0 to 16.6 kg COD.m-3.d-1 in 23 days did not detrimentally influence the stability of the reactor. This reactor effluent (COD = 465 rnq.L-1) was then post-ozonated which resulted in 64.8% COD and 79.0% colour reductions. The final effluent had a COD of 180 rnq.L-1 (98% reduction). The ability of the ozonation/digestion system as described in this study to degrade AJPWW at a higher OLR is of value to the apple industry, as it may lead to larger organic pollutant removals and thus a more effiecient treatment system. Increased reactor performance will directly improve the quality of the final wastewater produced, which in turn will have a significant impact on the treatment ability of the South African apple processing industry currently limited by the production of large wastewater volumes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die oesseisoen word groot volumes afvalwater met 'n hoe organiese lading in die vinnig groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse appelsapprosesseringsbedryf geproduseer. Dit het 'n groot impak op die omgewing. Die groter volumes appelsapprosesseringsafvalwater (ASPAW) met 'n hoë organiese lading het 'n vinniger verhoging in organiese ladingstempo's (OLT) van 'n UASB-waterbehandelingstelsel tot gevolg. Daarom is dit belangrik om te weet of die stelsel die drastiese verhoging oor kort tydperke kan hanteer. Die doel van hierdie studie was die evaluering van die effektiwiteit van die UASB-proses in die behandeling van ASPAW; om te bepaal watter effek 'n substraatviskositeitsverhoging, gebaseer op 'n pektien-kalsium-jel, op die doeltreffendheid van 'n UASB-stelsel het; en om te bepaal watter impak osonering op die pektieninhoud, jelvormingsvermoe en bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW het. Die vermoe van die UASB om stabiliteit te handhaaf gedurende die appelsapprosesseringseisoen is ondersoek deur die OLT van 2,9 tot bo 14,0 kg CSB.m-3.d-1 te verhoog oor 131 dae. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die chemiese suurstofbehoefte- (CSB-) verwydering konstant gebly by 85%, terwyl die pH en alkaliniteit ook op vlakke aanduidend van goeie reaktorstabiliteit gebly het. Daar is sodoende bewys dat die UASB-reaktor suksesvol kan presteer tydens die appelsapprosesseringseisoen, wanneer daar 'n beduidende verhoging in OLT plaasvind. In die studie is daar gevind dat die viskositeit van die ASPAW, wat 750 mq.L-1 pektien bevat, van 8,5 tot 47,0 cps toeneem na die byvoeging van 312 rnq.L-1 Ca2+. Hierdie verhoogde vikositeitsubstraat is tot die UASB-reaktor toegevoeg teen 'n OLT van 15,0 kg CSB.m-1.d-1. Gedurende 'n 12-dae toevoer van verhoogde viskositeit (47 cps), het die CSB-verwydering van die reaktor afgeneem van 94% na 11%, terwyl die pH gedaal het van 7,5 na 4,9. Gedurende hierdie tydperk het pektien in die UASB geakkumuleer, wat gelei het tot die uitspoel van biomassa en vinnige UASB-reaktormislukking. Die moontlike eliminasie van pektien, deur osonering, is daarom ondersoek. 'n Verlaging van 77% in pektieninhoud en 76% in jelvormingsvermoe het na osonering plaasgevind. Die effek van pre- en post-osonering op die effektiwiteit van 'n UASB-stelsel is gevolglik ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat 'n 10 minute pre-osonering die CSB van die ASPAW met 19% verlaag en die totale inhoud van gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe met 36% verlaag, terwyl die oplosbare gedeelte van die totale CSB van 81,7% tot 92,4% gestyg het. Die verhoging in oplosbare CSB-inhoud behoort tot verhoogde bioafbreekbaarheid van ASPAW te lei. Die geosoneerde ASPAW is gebruik om die rou, ongeosoneerde ASPAW as reaktorsubstraat te vervang. Die resultate het getoon dat die CSB-verwydering verhoog het van 78% na 90% na 'n 24-uur toevoer van geosoneerde substraat. Daar is ook gevind dat die reaktorstabiliteit toegeneem het na ASPAW osoneering, aangesien 'n OLT-verhoging van 10,0 na 16,6 kg.CSB.m-3.d-1 in 23 dae nie die stabiliteit van die reaktor nadelig beinvloed het nie. Hierdie reaktoruitvloeisel (CSB = 465 rnq.L-1) is hierna gepost-osoneer, wat 'n 64,8% CSB- en 79,0% kleurverlaging tot gevolg gehad. Die finale uitvloeisel het 'n CBS-inhoud van 180 rnq.L-1 gehad (98,1% verwydering). Die vermoe van die osonering-/verteringstelsel om ASPAW te degradeer teen 'n hoër OLT, soos beskryf in hierdie studie, is van waarde tot die appelsapprosesseringsbedryf, aangesien dit tot groter organiese afvalstofverwydering kan lei en dus 'n meer effektiewe behandelingstelsel tot gevolg kan hê. Verhoogde reaktordoeltreffendheid sal 'n direkte verbetering tot gevolg hê in die gehalte van die finale afvalwater wat geproduseer word, wat op sy beurt 'n beduidende impak sal hê op die behandelingsvermoe van die appelsapprosesseringsbedryf, wat tans beperk word deur die produksie van groot volumes afvalwater.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Carvalho de Medeiros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AndreFelipede_M.pdf: 2184303 bytes, checksum: b46c30ed510d7f32eb7aae82b851f80d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Há uma preocupação crescente na área de Saneamento Ambiental com relação a qualidade das águas dos corpos hídricos, tendo em vista que pesquisas têm revelado que os sistemas de tratamentos convencionais de esgotos e de água para abastecimento público não possuem eficiências adequadas para remoção de compostos orgânicos classificados como Desreguladores Endócrinos (DE). Nesta classe de compostos são destacados os estrógenos naturais 17 ß-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrona (E1) e o sintético 17 ?-etinilestradiol (EE2). Os efeitos destes hormônios sexuais, que são compostos extremamente ativos biologicamente, têm sido citados como agentes etiológicos de feminilização em peixes e também de vários tipos de cânceres. Neste sentido, trabalhos aplicando tecnologias avançadas de tratamento destes DE estão sendo desenvolvidos por vários grupos de pesquisas. Apesar de que as Legislações ambientais relacionadas aos parâmetros de lançamento (RESOLUÇÃO CONAMA no. 430 de 2011) e de parâmetros de potabilidade (Portaria no. 2914 de 2011) não contemplarem estes compostos DE, sendo que diversos trabalhos têm sido publicados com quantificação destes compostos em água da ordem de ng L-1. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) adaptação e validação de metodologia analítica para confirmar e quantificar simultaneamente os hormônios E1, E2, E3 e EE2, nas águas bruta e tratada do rio Atibaia, manancial que abastece o município de Campinas, utilizando a técnica de extração em fase sólida (EFS), juntamente com a técnica de Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (CL-EM/EM), (2) aplicação de tecnologias de degradação destes compostos E1, E2, E3 e EE2 em escala piloto, pelos processos de ozonização e cloroamoniação, visando contribuir com as determinação das dosagens, do tempo de contato e da eficiências de remoção. Os resultados obtidos nas análises via EFS-LC-MS/MS mostraram a ocorrência do hormônio sexual natural E1, na água bruta do rio Atibaia com concentração de 17 ng L-1, sendo que para os demais E2 e E3 os valores obtidos foram inferiores ao limite de quantificação 2 ng L-1 e para o EE2 inferior a 5 ng L-1. As técnicas de oxidação ozonização e cloroamoniação utilizadas nos ensaios demonstraram eficiências de degradação em média, maiores do que 95% dos DE estudados, com exceção de E1, cuja eficiência de remoção ficou entre 87% a 93%, dependendo da faixa de fortificação / Abstract: There is growing concern in the field of Environmental Sanitation regarding the water quality of water bodies, given that research has shown that systems of conventional treatments of sewage and public water supply does not have adequate efficiencies to removal of some organic compounds Endocrine Disruptors (DE). In this class of compounds are included the natural estrogens 17 ß-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone (E1) and the synthetic 17 ?-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The effects of these sex hormones, which are highly biologically active compounds, have been cited as etiological agents of feminization in fish and various types of cancers. In this regard, several works by applying advanced technologies for treating these DE are being developed by many research groups. Although the environmental legislations related to the parameters of launch (CONAMA RESOLUTION. 430 of 2011) and potability parameters (Ordinance no. 2914 2011) does not address these DE compounds, several studies have been published with quantification of these compounds in the order of ng L-1. In this context, the aimsmof this paper were: (1) adaptation and validation of the analytical methodology to confirm and to quantify simultaneously the E1, E2, E3 and EE2 hormones, raw water and treated in the Atibaia River, a source that supplies the municipality Campinas, using the technique of solid phase extraction (EFS) with the technique of Liquid Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS), (2) applying degradation technologies of these compounds E1, E2, E3 and EE2 in pilot scale, by using the processes of ozonation and cloroamoniation, to contribute to the determination of dosage, contact time and degradation efficiencies. The results obtained in this study via EFS-LC-MS / MS showed the occurrence of natural sex hormone E1 in the Atibaia River raw water with a concentration of 17 ng L-1, and for the other E2 and E3 the values were lower the quantification limit of 2 ng L-1 and EE2 less than 5 ng L-1. The ozonation and chloroamoniation oxidation techniques used for the degradation tests were with efficiencies on average more than 95% of the studied DE, except E1, the removal efficiency was between 87% to 93% depending on the fortification range, by using ozonation in pre oxidation and cloroamoniation and the disinfection step / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please see fulltext for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

<p>U radu je izvr&scaron;ena karakterizacija sirove (povr&scaron;inske) vode na lokalitetima: akumulaciono&nbsp;jezero, nizvodna deonica do izvori&scaron;ta namenjenog za vodosnabdevanje, na lokalitetu samog izvo-ri&scaron;ta i na ulazu u poluindustrijsko istraživačko postrojenje. Ustanovljene su sledeće karakteristike&nbsp;sirove vode: eutrofne karakteristike akumulacionog jezera u vremenskom periodu od kraja juna do&nbsp;sredine septembra meseca; fekalna zagađenost deonice od akumulacionog jezera do izvori&scaron;ta na-menjenog za vodosnabdevanje; veliki raspon temperature u toku godine (4-19&ordm;C); niske vrednosti&nbsp;mutnoće vode u najvećem delu godine uz povremen i kratkotrajan izrazit porast ovog parametra&nbsp;(&lt;1 NTU do &gt;90 NTU); promena sadržaja organskih materija u vodi (izraženih preko potro&scaron;nje ka-lijum-permanganata u kiseloj sredini i UV apsorbancije na 254 nm); izražen potencijal za formira-njem nusprodukata dezinfekcije (THM) u toku obilnih padavina.&nbsp;<br />Na poluindustrijskom istraživačkom postrojenju izvr&scaron;eno je ispitivanje različitih tehnolo&scaron;kih vari-janti pripreme vode za piće iz povr&scaron;inske vode namenjene vodosnabdevanju uz primenu savreme-nih tehnolo&scaron;kih re&scaron;enja i adekvatnog tretmana u slučaju ekscesa izazvanih ljudskom aktivno&scaron;ću.&nbsp;Primenjenim tretmanom vode procesima ozonizacije-koagulacije-flokulacije-sedimentacije-filtra-cije na poluindustrijskom istraživačkom postrojenju zadovoljena je primarna funkcija redukcije&nbsp;opterećenja vode pre odlaska na zavr&scaron;no bistrenje procesom filtracije. Ustanovljeni su najvažniji&nbsp;faktori uticaja na mutnoću vode nakon primenjenih procesa: vrsta koagulanta (najbolji efekti po-stignuti primenom Al₂(SO₄)_3&nbsp;i FeCl₃) i primenjena doza ozona (pozitivan, mikroflokulacioni efekat ozona postignut pri primenjenim dozama ozona od 0,5-1,0 mgO₃/l). Izračunato je da su pri primeni Al₂(SO₄)_3&nbsp;kao koagulacionog sredstva dvomedijumski filteri namenjeni zavr&scaron;nom bistrenju vode imali najduži filtracioni ciklus. Srednje vrednosti količine uklonjene mutnoće su 2,5- 3,5 puta veće u odnosu na ove vrednosti dobijene pri primeni ostalih koagulanata u fazi koagulacije vode. Značaj primenjenog procesa ozonizacije (doze ozona) uočen je i sa aspekta smanjenja sadržaja prekursora formiranja THM.</p><p>Ispitivanjem efekta predtretmana vode procesom ozonizacije, primenom vodonik-peroksida i ko-mercijalnog preparata koji u svom sastavu sadrži 25% H₂O_2&nbsp;+ 0,05% Ag u ozoniranu vodu u cilju&nbsp;redukcije broja mikroorganizama uočeni su pozitivni efekti na log_10&nbsp;inaktivacije pri dozama ozona&nbsp;&gt;0,5 mgO₃/l (u slučaju sporogenih sulfitoredukujućih klostridija) i vi&scaron;ih vrednosti odnosa H₂O₂/O_3&nbsp;i H₂O₂+Ag/O_3&nbsp;(u slučaju ukupnog broja aerobnih organotrofnih bakterija). Prednost primene preparata koji u svom sastavu sadrži 25% H₂O_2&nbsp;+ 0,05% Ag u ozoniranu vodu ogleda se u većem kapa-citetu eliminacije mikroorganizama i pri kraćem hidrauličkom vremenu zadržavanja vode.&nbsp;</p><p>Analizom frekvencije pojavljivanja jedinjenja koje prouzrokuje nepoželjan miris vode (geosmin)&nbsp;nakon primenjenih procesa ozonizacije-koagulacije-flokulacije-sedimentacije-filtracije ustanovljena je najmanja frekvencija pojavljivanja ovog jedinjenja (10% od ukupnog broja analiziranih uzo-raka) u vodi nakon procesa ozonizacije i njegova potpuna redukcija primenom koagulanta FeCl_3&nbsp;u&nbsp;fazi koagulacije vode.<br />Pri simulaciji ekscesnih situacija na poluindustrijskom istraživačkom postrojenju (doziranjem sintetičkih organskih jedinjenja pesticida i nafte) utvrđeno je da se primenom procesa ozonizacije-koagulacije-flokulacije-sedimentacije-filtracije uz dodatak AUP u fazi koagulacije vode postiže reduk-cija lindana u vodi za 97%, atrazina 99%, ukupnih ugljovodonika 91% i mineralnih ulja 89%.<br />Svi rezultati dobijeni u toku istraživanja na poluindustrijskom istraživačkom postrojenju posmatra-ni sa aspekta optimizacije tehnolo&scaron;kih uslova pripreme vode za piće i varijabilnog kvaliteta povr&scaron;in-ske vode ukazuju na prvom mestu na neophodnost primene procesa ozonizacije vode i pozitivan&nbsp;efekat unapređenih procesa oksidacije u fazi pripreme vode za dalju obradu, kao i na značaj primenjene vrste koagulanta i aktivnog uglja u prahu u fazi koagulacije i flokulacije vode.</p> / <p>The paper presents the characterisation of raw (surface) water at the following sites: accu-mulation lake, downstream section from the water supply well field at the very site of the well field&nbsp;and at the entrance into pilot plant. The following raw water characteristics have been determined:&nbsp;eutrophic properties of accumulation lake within the time frame from the end of June to the middle&nbsp;of September; faeces pollution of the section from the accumulation lake to the water supply well&nbsp;field; a wide range of temperature during the year (4-19&ordm;C); low values of water turbidity during the&nbsp;largest part of the year, with occasional and short-term emphasised growth &nbsp;of this parameter (&lt;1NTU to &gt;90 NTU); change in the content of natural organic matters in water (expressed through&nbsp;potassium permanganate consumption in acid environment and UV absorption at 254 nm); ex-pressed potential for disinfection by-products (THM) creation during high rainfall levels.</p><p>Study of different technological options for drinking water preparation from surface water desig-nated to water supply with application of the latest technological solutions and adequate treatment in cases of accidents caused by human activities has been carried out at the pilot plant.</p><p>The water treatment composed of ozonation-coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation-filtration applied at the pilot plant satisfied the primary function of reduction of water load prior to departure&nbsp;to the final clarification in filtration process. The most significant factors affecting water turbidity&nbsp;after the applied processes have been determined: type of coagulant (the best effects have been ob-tained by application of Al₂(SO₄)_3&nbsp;and FeCl₃) and the applied ozone dose (positive, micro-floccula-tion effect of ozone has been obtained with the applied ozone doses of 0,5-1,0 mgO₃/l). It has been&nbsp;calculated that two-media filters designated to final water clarification had the longest filtration cy-cle when Al₂(SО₄)_3&nbsp;was used&nbsp;as coagulation means. Medium values of quantity of the eliminated tur-bidity are 2,5-3,5 times higher in comparison to &nbsp;these values obtained when others coagulants were&nbsp;used in the water coagulation phase. The significance of the applied ozonization process (ozone&nbsp;dose) has also been found from the aspect of reduction of THM generation precursor contents.&nbsp;<br />Investigation of effects of water pre-treatment with ozonation process and application of hydrogen-peroxide and commercial preparation containing 25% H₂O_2&nbsp;+ 0,05% Ag in ozonized water aiming at&nbsp;reduction of micro-organisms count showed positive effects on log_10&nbsp;inactivation when &gt;0,5 mgO₃/l&nbsp;doses of ozone were used (in case of sulphito-reducing clostridia) and higher values of H₂O₂/O_3&nbsp;and&nbsp;H₂O₂+Ag/O_3&nbsp;ratio (in case of total aerobic organotrophic bacteria count). The advantage of appli-cation of the preparation containing 25% H₂O_2&nbsp;+ 0,05% Ag in ozonized water is reflected in higher&nbsp;microorganisms elimination capacity and shorter hydraulic retention time.&nbsp;<br />The analysis of occurrence frequency of compounds causing unpleasant water odour &nbsp;(geosmin) af-ter the applied ozonation-coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation-filtration processes showed that&nbsp;the lowest occurrence frequency for this compound (10% of the total number of the analysed sam-ples) in water after ozonisation process &nbsp;and its total reduction after the application of FeCl_3&nbsp;coagu-lant in water coagulation phase.<br />In simulation of accidents at pilot plant (dosing of synthetic organic compounds of pesticides and&nbsp;oil) it was found that reduction of lindane in water for 97%, atrazine for 99%, total hydrocarbons for&nbsp;91% and mineral oils for 89% is accomplished with application of the ozonation-coagulation-floccu-lation-sedimentation-filtration processes with addition of AUP in the phase of water coagulation.&nbsp;All the results that have been obtained during the researches at pilot plant have been considered&nbsp;from the aspect of optimisation of technological conditions of drinking water preparation and vari-able surface water quality point primarily to the necessity of application of water ozonization proc-ess and positive effect of the improved oxidation processes in the phase of water preparation for&nbsp;further processing as well as to the significance of the applied type of coagulant and active powder&nbsp;charcoal in water coagulation and flocculation phase.</p>