This research analyses the representation of Turkey in four British broadsheets (the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph, the Independent and the Times) as well as their Sunday sister papers between 2007-2013. Using the concepts of self and other as a theoretical basis, this research seeks to determine whether Turkey, a predominantly Muslim, secular and partially Westernised EU candidate, was represented as a part of the European Self or as an Oriental Other in British broadsheets during the time period specified. As well as defining modern Turkey’s unique position on the Self-other axis of Europe in the context of British quality media, the research examines how applicable Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism is to the Turkish example. Taking Turkey’s multifaceted national identity and Britain’s exceptionalist attitude towards Europe (as well as the British media’s prejudices about Islam) into consideration, the research goes on to demonstrate that the straight-forward, binary understanding of Self-Other relationships in Said’s Orientalism is not applicable to the Turkish example. Instead, the research utilises the concept of Nesting Orientalisms (created by Bakić-Hayden to explain the self-other relationships within Europe) in the analysis and concludes that Turkey was perceived and represented as an agreeable, useful yet still inferior Model Other in British media texts during the time period analysed in this study. The research, which consists of a quantitative content analysis conducted on 731 news items and a qualitative textual analysis conducted on 150 representative news articles, 60 editorials and 10 front-page stories, creates the most detailed map of Turkey’s coverage in the British print media to date as well as providing continuity to the existing relevant literature.

No description available.

An economically depressed United States is thrown into civil chaos over conflicts between protest groups and a militarised police force. Caleb Dumas, via an encounter with his neighbour, Carys, learns that he is a hybrid of human and Tskiri, a humanoid species with telepathic and thermokinetic abilities. Caleb and his family get separated during a riot, and he, along with his twin brother, Ben, is arrested and sent to a penal work camp. Meanwhile, as modern society begins to break down, the Askala - a species of vampiric humanoids who live underground - begin attacking humans once more as the elements which kept them underground begin to falter. Six years later, Ben is killed, and Caleb injured, in an altercation over food. Caleb is then rescued by Jasha, one of the Askala, who takes him to the nearby Farm, where Jasha's family raises humans for their blood. Unbeknownst to Caleb, however, the Farmers have recently attempted a revolt against the Askala, which results in a retaliatory attack by the Askala, during which Caleb intervenes. As he communicates with Roan, the leader of the attack party, Caleb learns that the Askala and the Tskiri are two halves of the same thing. Caleb accidentally kills Roan with his thermokinetic ability, which only heightens the tension between the Farmers and the Askala. Carys returns, having tracked Caleb to the Farm through their shared connection, and together the two of them challenge Father, the leader of the Askala for power over the Farm. The Askala Father nearly kills Caleb, but ultimately, he and Carys triumph, placing the responsibility for both the Farm and the Askala compound entirely in Caleb's hands.

Between 1790 and 1850, the novel was used widely "for doing God's work," and English female authors, specifically those who identified themselves as Christians, were exploiting the novel's potential to challenge dominant discourse and middle-class gender ideology, particularly in relationship to marriage. I argue in this thesis that Mary Wollstonecraft, Jane Austen, Anne Brontë and Elizabeth Gaskell used the novel to construct Christian heroines who, as unlikely agents, make resistive choices shown to be undergirded by faith. All practicing some form of Christianity, Wollstonecraft, Austen, Brontë and Gaskell engage evangelicalism's belief in "transformation of the heart." They construct heroines who are specifically shown to question the value of a narrative that assumes wayward husbands would somehow be transformed as a result of the marriage union. The heroines in this study come to resist such reforming schemes. Instead, they paradoxically leverage the very Christian faith that dominant discourse would use to subjugate them in unequal unions.

What is the role of intertextuality and ekphrasis in A.S. Byatt's novels and short stories? How does Byatt deploy intertextuality to address the relationship between art as experience and representation? And how do intertextuality and ekphrasis enhance creativity and destructive forces across characters, texts and discourses? This thesis examines how the numerous intertextual and ekphrastic references in Byatt's fiction challenge and complicate the crucial relationship between ideas and matter, and between mental processes and bodily experiences. Starting from Kristeva's theory of intertextuality, I argue how in Byatt reading, storytelling and writing are not only the highly demanding intellectual activities that most of her characters engage with, but also potentially dangerous: writing can kill once written words come to replace actual experience (Chapter 1). Conversely, the visual arts, medicine and science, appearing throughout Byatt's fiction in the form of intertextual and ekphrastic presences, represent more positive, empowering and liberating elements because of the greater balance between the mental and the physical dimensions they encourage (Chapters 2 and 3). The two final chapters shift their attention from the metatextual, theoretical perspective of the first part and focus on how Byatt deploys intertextual strategies to address political and historical discourses, in particular war trauma and the construction of national identity. Where the weight of history defines material existence, intertextuality unleashes its most creative powers of self-defence and survival, and allows characters to defend themselves, through mythology and storytelling, against the traumas of war and cross-cultural encounters. Ultimately, Byatt's are stories of individual development: intertextuality and ekphrasis thus become the ultimate strategies with which her protagonists are given agency over themselves, either to fight for their own emancipation, or be the tragic cause of their own self-destruction.

Background and aims: This PhD is part of the Thales Aphasia project. The Thales Aphasia project aimed to provide an in-depth exploration of neuropsychological and linguistic deficits in Greek speaking people with aphasia and to investigate the efficacy of speech and language therapy interventions. Two interventions were evaluated: mapping therapy and Elaborated Semantic Feature Analysis (ESFA). This thesis reports on the efficacy of ESFA. ESFA is a modified version of Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA), which prompts the participant to elaborate the features described into a sentence. Two different aims are investigated: (a) the efficacy of Elaborated Semantic Features Analysis (ESFA) therapy versus no therapy (b) the relative efficacy of two different approaches of delivering therapy – direct (individual therapy) versus combination therapy (individual together with group therapy) and the relative impact of each therapy approach on a range of outcome measures tapping different WHO ICF domains. Methods: The study is a randomised trial using a waiting list control. Of the 72 participants of Thales, 58 met the eligibility criteria for speech and language therapy and 39 were allocated to ESFA (19 allocated to mapping therapy). Participants were randomised via recruitment order to one of three groups- two groups of therapy (direct or combination) and the waiting list control group. Of the 38 that had ESFA, 12 were randomised to the waiting list control group and 26 to one of the two ESFA therapy approaches. Participants on the therapy approaches were assessed two times before therapy (double baseline, week 1- 6), post-therapy (week 19), and 3-months later (followup). Participants on the waiting list control were assessed three times before therapy (week 1-6-19) and then were randomly allocated to one of the two approaches for ESFA treatment and were reassessed after the 12-week treatment (post-therapy) and 3 months later (follow-up). Both therapy groups had equal intensity and dosage- three hours of ESFA per week for 12 weeks (36 hours): those that received direct ESFA had three 1- hour sessions per week; those that received combination ESFA had one 90-minute session of group ESFA and two 45-minute sessions of individual ESFA per week. The primary outcome measure was confrontation naming of the 260 colourised pictures initially developed by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) (Rossion & Pourtois, 2004). Secondary outcome measures included a range of assessments tapping on all WHO ICF levels: Boston Naming Test (BNT), Discourse Measurement with Cookie Theft picture, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for adults (ASHA – FACS), Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life scale (SAQOL-39g), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and EQ-5D. Therapy materials appropriate to each person were chosen at baseline before initiation of therapy. At baseline, each participant had to name the 260 pictures. The pictures were randomly presented to each participant for naming across three trials without any cuing or feedback. Based on the results of these trials, the pictures that participants failed to name on at least two trials were selected as potential treatment materials. This process of stimulus selection resulted in a set of treatment and probe items that were individual to each participant. To test (a) the efficacy of ESFA therapy (n=26) versus no therapy (n=12) mixed within-between ANOVAs were used with group as the between variable (2 groups: ESFA versus control) and time as the within variable (3 levels: weeks 1, 6, 19). To test (b) the relative efficacy of direct (n=22) versus combination (n=14) ESFA, mixed withinbetween ANOVAs were used with group as the between variable (2 groups: direct versus combination ESFA) and time as the within variable (4 levels: two baselines, post-therapy and follow-up). Results: After applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, for (a) therapy versus control, there was a significant main effect of time on the primary outcome measure Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.1, 39.38) = 26.04, p< .001 with a large effect size (η2 p = .42), and a significant interaction effect Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.1, 39.38) = 9.56, p= .003 with a large effect size (η2 p = .21); whereby the therapy group improved significantly more from pre-therapy (week 6) [mean (SD) = 61.96 (49.40)] to post-therapy (week 19) [mean (SD) = 104.38 (73.91)] than the control group [week 6 mean (SD) = 74.33 (62.94), week 19 mean (SD) = 81.83 (69.90)]. There was a significant main effect of time for the BNT (p = .002) with a large effect size (η2 p = .19), with the significant difference between the firsts two baselines and BL3/post therapy. There was an interaction effect, which did not remain significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons, for the SAQOL-39g psychosocial domain (p = .013) (η2 p = .12) and the overall SAQOL-39g score (p = .015) (η2 p =.11), with the therapy group improving with therapy, and the control group not improving. For (b) direct versus combination ESFA, there was a significant main effect of time on the primary outcome measure for both approaches, Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.89, 64.53) = 32.95, p < 0.001 with large effect size (η2 p = .49). Pairwise comparisons showed there was a significant difference between the two baselines (mean difference = 10.23, p= .003), a significant difference between both the baselines and post-therapy (mean differences= 49.70 and 39.45, ps< .001) and a significant difference between both the baselines and follow- up (mean differences = 43.45 and 33.22, ps< .001). The post therapy gains were maintained, i.e. there was no significant drop from post-therapy to follow up. There was also a significant main effect of time with large effect size for the BNT (p< .001) (η2 p = .29), with significant differences in pairwise comparisons between both baselines and post therapy and both baselines and follow-up; and the ASHA-FACS (p = .001) (η2 p =.18), with significant differences between both baselines and the follow -up assessment. The interaction and group effects were not significant. Conclusion: This PhD is the first to explore the efficacy of ESFA in a randomised group design. Results supported the efficacy of ESFA therapy versus no therapy. ESFA therapy led to gains in naming, communication and quality of life for people with aphasia. Gains were similar in the two therapy approaches and were maintained over a threemonth follow-up. Pending further research to confirm the reliability of the results and allow meaningful effects to be detected on a range of outcome measures, ESFA may be a useful therapy to adopt in practice.

This thesis undertakes an examination of H. Rider Haggard's exploration of English national identity, both in his fiction and non-fiction works.

This thesis undertakes a re-evaluation of the concept of ‘charms’ in Anglo-Saxon culture, and reconsiders three core issues that lie at the heart of this genre: the definition of galdor as ‘charm’; the manuscript contexts of rituals that have been included in this genre; and the phenomenon of ‘gibberish’ writing which is used as a defining characteristic of ‘charms’. The thesis investigates the different meanings of galdor from the entire corpus of Old English before reconsidering its meaning in ritual texts. It then explores the liturgical nature of these seemingly unorthodox rituals, and argues that ‘charms’ were understood to be part of the Anglo-Saxon liturgy. The manuscript contexts of ‘charms’ indicate that Anglo-Saxon scribes did not distinguish between these rituals and other liturgical texts, and I take a case study of one manuscript to demonstrate this. Some rituals from the Vitellius Psalter have been included in editions of ‘charms’, and this case study reinterprets these texts as components of a liturgical collection. The Vitellius Psalter also reveals intertextual relationships between ‘gibberish’ writing in some of its rituals and exercises in encryption, suggesting that several texts encode meaning in this manuscript. The findings of this case study are then developed to reconsider the phenomenon of ‘gibberish’ writing that is used as a defining characteristic of ‘charms’, and it offers an alternative way of reading abstract letter sequences in ritual texts according to Patristic philosophies of language. This study does not aim to analyse every ritual that has been included in the corpus of ‘charms’ but each chapter will take case studies from a range of manuscripts that are representative of the genre and its sub-categories. The thesis challenges the notion that there was any such thing as an Anglo-Saxon ‘charm’, and it offers alternative interpretations of these rituals as liturgical rites and coded texts.

No description available.

This study investigates the translation of the well-known Harry Potter fantasy series in the context of translation of children’s literature from English into Arabic; from 2002 this series was translated into Arabic by an Egyptian publishing company specialising in children’s literature. This area is still relatively unexplored in Arabic and in need of further research, given the great degree of difference between these two languages. The main foci of this study are the deletions, summarisations (actual textual or linguistic units that are deleted) and omissions (meaning or semantic load that is omitted) that occur in the Arabic translation of the series. A contrastive analysis is carried out between the ST and the TT in order to identify, examine and discuss trends in translation (deletions, summarisations and omissions). The study reveals that there are a great many deletions and omissions, particularly in the early books (1-4), and specifically in Book two. The study reveals that these trends are, in fact, strongly related and directly linked to norms, conventions and the level of professionalism of translation of children’s literature in the Arab world. This study also shows that didacticism is still one of the main features of translating children’s literature into Arabic. The study views translators’ interventions as part of systems and norms in order to situate the text in the receiving culture, thus creating an acceptable TT to an Arab child whose presumed cognitive ability is underestimated in the TT in comparison with the ST. However, these deletions and omissions certainly have an effect on the translations of the texts. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the impact and effect of these trends on the translation of the Harry Potter series as a whole.