Youth physical activity (PA) levels, specifically that of girls, decline as they enter the middle grades (Parish & Treasure, 2003). Physical education (PE) is one area in the school environment where student PA can be increased. One goal recognized by the Society of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) is for students to be physically active for at least 50% of class time and be offered PE for at least 225 minutes per week (SHAPE, 2013). Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) suggests student perceived motivational climate can influence PA levels, student enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation. The purpose of this study was to determine if student perceived motivational climate predicted student enjoyment and PA levels in PE while controlling for school, gender, grade, and ethnicity. Youth from three middle schools in the southeast United States were asked to wear a pedometer to measure PA levels in PE and complete a questionnaire to measure perceived motivational climate and enjoyment. Participants included 290 students (n = 108 6th grade students, n = 94 7th grade students, n = 88 8th grade students). Results revealed males were more active than females during PE (Mm=57%, Mf=48%), 7th grade participants had the highest PA levels (M=56%, SD= 16), and Hispanic students were the least active (M=45%, SD=16). After controlling for gender, it was found that males had significantly higher levels of enjoyment during PE (Mm =4.29, Mf = 3.87, p<.01), and a mastery climate was perceived over a performance climate by majority of student regardless of gender, grade, or ethnicity (Mmc=3.78, Mpc=2.2). Statistically significant relationships were found between both mastery (p<.01) and performance scores (p<.01) with enjoyment. The performance relationship was negative while the mastery relationship was positive. There was not a significant relationship between the mastery climate and PA and only the performance climate subcategory Unequal Recognition (p<.001) had a significant relationship with and PA during PE.

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More than one-half of university students in the United States and Canada are not active enough to gain health benefits. Enjoyment of exercise proposes a feasible solution to the absence of motivation surrounding physical activity. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in reported enjoyment between upper and lower body cycling graded exercise to exhaustion (GXT). Seven university students (23 ± 3 years old; 26 ± 4 kg/m2) performed two randomized graded exercise tests on different days: one for upper body, one for lower body. Feeling Scale (FS) measured the affective response during exercise. Post-exercise enjoyment values were recorded 15 minutes after concluding GXT using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of physical activity enjoyment. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate mean differences between upper and lower body GXT enjoyment scores. Rank biserial correlations and Cohen's d values were used to evaluate effect size for the non-parametric and parametric analyses. Alpha level was set a priori at p < 0.05. Means and standard deviations were calculated for PACES, age, and BMI. No significant differences were found for enjoyment (p=0.162) between upper (104.3 ± 12.6) and lower-body cycling (97.8 ± 15.3). Notable effect sizes were found for the PACES Total and several subscales (Enjoy/Hate, Pleasant, and Contentment). No significant differences were found for the FS at ventilatory threshold (p=0.586) or at maximal aerobic power (p=0.670) between the upper and lower body GXT trials. More research is needed to explore exercise enjoyment across different exercise modes and provide a more particular evaluation of PACES subscales. Further research should aim to compare enjoyment levels across different physical activity levels (e.g., low, moderate, high), between sexes and within diverse populations.

Title: Children's attitudes to football and physical activities at the age of 8-11 years at selected clubs Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to find out the attitudes of children to football and physical activity at the age of 8-11 by means of an anonymous questionnaire survey in two intentionally selected clubs, including a comparison of the degree of agreement in individual attitudes. To achieve this goal, two questionnaires, a standardized PACEScz questionnaire and a non-standardized questionnaire designed for the needs of this work were used to find out more about respondents and their relationship and attitudes to football and football training. Methods To meet the goal of the thesis I have used the knowledge of the literature I studied dealing with the attitudes of children to physical activity and football and questionnaire survey of children aged 8-11 in two intentionally selected football clubs. With the help of relevant sources I chose and slightly supplemented the standardized PACEScz questionnaire and I also compiled an anonymous non-standardized questionnaire for the purposes of this work. Both questionnaires were distributed personally after each team's training unit. Due to the objectivity of the PACEScz questionnaire, I also had to draw up a template for the training unit...

Le crawl est actuellement la nage utilisée lors des épreuves de nage libre durant les compétitions de natation aux différentes allures de nage (sprint, demi-fond et fond). Les bras sont les segments corporels qui participent le plus à la propulsion. Les accélérations de ces segments, dans le milieu fluide au repos, génèrent un écoulement complexe qui est à l'origine des forces hydrodynamiques propulsives. L'analyse de cet écoulement est nécessaire pour en comprendre les principaux mécanismes. Dans ce cadre, des « paramètres cinématiques d'écoulement » (vitesse, accélération et orientation de la main, angles d'attaque et de sweepback) ont été définis afin d'analyser et comparer les différentes organisations gestuelles des nageurs et de leurs effets sur la propulsion. Deux des principaux axes d'investigation étaient de vérifier si ces paramètres variaient en fonction de l'allure, et aussi de déterminer quels paramètres cinématiques étaient les plus prépondérants dans la génération des mécanismes propulsifs. Pour cela, un système opto-électronique d'analyse cinématique, a permis de mesurer ces paramètres sur 17 nageurs experts. Par ailleurs, l'écoulement généré par le trajet des bras aux différentes allures a été simulé par résolution numérique instationnaire des équations de Navier-Stokes. Enfin, des mesures expérimentales d'effort ont été faites en nage attachée afin de connaître les forces propulsives.Il apparaît que l'augmentation de l'allure de nage peut davantage s'expliquer par la diminution des durées des phases non propulsives (entrée et allongement) plutôt que par l'augmentation des forces durant les phases les plus propulsives (balayages interne et externe). / Front crawl is a swimming stroke used at swimming competitions at freestyle different paces (sprint, middle distance and long distance). Propulsion in this stroke is achieved primarily by the forearm and hand. Accelerations of these segments, in a fluid at rest, generate complex flow that causes propulsive hydrodynamic forces. Analysis of this flow is necessary to understand the main mechanisms of propulsion. In this context, the "kinematic flow parameters" (velocity, acceleration and orientation of the hand, angles of attack and sweepback) have been defined to analyze and compare the different arm motions and their effects on propulsion. Two of the main axes of this investigation were to determine whether these parameters vary depending on the pace, and also to determine what kinematic parameters were most prominent in the generation of propulsive mechanisms. To this end, an optoelectronic system of motion capture was used to measure these parameters on 17 expert swimmers in free swimming. Furthermore, the flow generated by the experimentally acquired arm trajectory, at different swimming paces, was simulated by an unsteady numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, tethered swimming experiments were carried out to measure the propulsive forces.The increase in forward velocity by increasing swimming pace can be explained by lower durations of non propulsive phases (entry and stretch) rather than by the generation of higher forces during the most propulsive phases (insweep and upsweep).

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess benefits of therapy by Vojta method and by using the active videogame Nintendo Wii. The manual dexterity and gross motor function were evaluated. Methodology: The study was attended by 14 children aged 6 - 18 years. They were divided into two equal groups. The Vojta method was applied for the first group and exercising with Nintendo Wii for the second group. Each therapy took 30 days. After a 6 months break the two groups were changed. During those 6 months no targeted physiotherapy was done. The manual dexterity and gross motor functions were measured before and after the therapy and 8 weeks after finishing the therapy. The Box and Block test and the Nine Hole Peg test were used for assessment of manual dexterity and GMFM was used for testing of gross motor function. The children completed the PACES questionnaire after each of the interventions. Results: Statistics showed a significant change in the manual dexterity over the time when the Box and Block test was used. A difference between the two types of therapy has not been proven. Results of the Nine Hole Peg test were not statistically significant, neither in time nor when comparing the therapies. GMFM was not statistically significant either. The PACES did not show any difference between the therapies....

Christian Education South Africa (CESA), formerly known as Accelerated Christian Education (South Africa) or ACE(SA), represents a significant number of evangelical Christian schools in South Africa. Most CESA schools are multiracial· and part of charismatic fellowships. The purpose of this study was to investigate CESA {its roots, philosophy of education and methodology) and to evaluate the quality of Christian education offered at CESA schools. Firstly, 'sound Christian education' was defined. Secondly, a model for assessing Christian education was developed. The SAPPAB model with its six criteria (spiritual, academic, physical, practical, administrative and balance) assess both the biblical and t educational 'soundness' of an education programme . . Information was gathered over six years by way of interviews, surveys, ethnographic and in-depth case studies. Evaluations included individual CESA schools, CESA as an organization and the ACE programme. The major finding was that individual CESA schools do contribute meaningfully to sound Christian education, but that the organization as such lost its vision and its influence. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

Christian Education South Africa (CESA), formerly known as Accelerated Christian Education (South Africa) or ACE(SA), represents a significant number of evangelical Christian schools in South Africa. Most CESA schools are multiracial· and part of charismatic fellowships. The purpose of this study was to investigate CESA {its roots, philosophy of education and methodology) and to evaluate the quality of Christian education offered at CESA schools. Firstly, 'sound Christian education' was defined. Secondly, a model for assessing Christian education was developed. The SAPPAB model with its six criteria (spiritual, academic, physical, practical, administrative and balance) assess both the biblical and t educational 'soundness' of an education programme . . Information was gathered over six years by way of interviews, surveys, ethnographic and in-depth case studies. Evaluations included individual CESA schools, CESA as an organization and the ACE programme. The major finding was that individual CESA schools do contribute meaningfully to sound Christian education, but that the organization as such lost its vision and its influence. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)