Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity induced by anaerobic bacteria, that remains to be the primary cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide. Finding an anti-microbial therapeutic to selectively target periodontal pathogens has proven to be difficult, and current treatment modalities only provide a transient benefit. Amixicile is a non-toxic, readily bioavailable novel antimicrobial that targets strict anaerobes through inhibition of the activity of Pyruvate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (PFOR), a major enzyme mediating oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, a critical step in metabolism. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of amixicile in inhibiting the growth of bacteria harvested from the complex sub-gingival biofilm of patients with chronic periodontitis. We hypothesize that amixicile will selectively inhibit pathogenic anaerobic bacteria collected from patients, with the same efficacy as metronidazole, the current accepted treatment modality. Plaque samples were harvested from patients with severe chronic periodontitis and cultured under anaerobic conditions. The microbiomes were grown in the presence of amixicile and metronidazole and the growth was compared to that of bacteria grown in the absence of the antimicrobials. Following 24 hour incubation, bacterial DNA was isolated and bacterial quantity was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using primers specific for 12 bacterial species: P. gingivalis (Pg), P. intermedia (Pi), F.nucleatum (Fn), S.gordonii (Sg), S. anginosus (Sa), V. atypical (Va), L. acidophilus (La), A.actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), T.denticola (Td), S.mutans (Sm), S.sanguis (Ss), and 16s. Individual qPCR runs were combined to represent an overall average of CT value differences. Amixicile treatment groups exhibited statistical significant reductions (PP. intermedia, F. nucleatum and Veillonella atypical. When comparing amixicile to metronidazole, amixicile performed with similar efficacy with the largest effect seen for PFOR bacteria. Our conclusion supports amixicile as a potent inhibitor of anaerobic bacteria, and could be a potential new therapeutic antimicrobial in the treatment of periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic bacteria residing in a complex biofilm within a susceptible host. Amixicile is a non-toxic, readily bioavailable novel antimicrobial that targets strict anaerobes through inhibition of the activity of Pyruvate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (PFOR), a major enzyme mediating oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of amixicile, when compared to metronidazole, in inhibiting the growth of bacteria present in a microbiome harvested from patients with chronic periodontitis. Plaque samples were harvested from patients with severe chronic periodontitis and cultured under anaerobic conditions. The microbiomes were grown in the presence of amixicile and metronidazole and the growth was compared to that of bacteria grown in the absence of the antimicrobials. Following 24 hour growth the bacterial DNA was analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) using primers specific for 12 bacterial species: P. gingivalis (Pg), P. intermedia (Pi), F.nucleatum (Fn), S.gordonii (Sg), S. anginosus (Sa), V. atypical (Va), L. acidophilus (La), A.actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), T.denticola (Td), S.mutans (Sm), and S.sanguis (Ss). Both drug treatment groups yielded a statistical significant reduction for several anaerobic bacteria: Pi (P

Wheat is the most important grain crop grown in our country providing greatest part of the daily nutritional requirement. Abiotic factors including salinity, drought, cold and heat stresses affect quality and yield of wheat varieties used for the production of both bread and pasta flour. NAC proteins form one of the widest families of plant specific transcription factors. Members of this family are related with development, defense and abiotic stress responses. TaNAC69-1 and TtNAM-B2 genes were isolated from T.aestivum and T.turgidum, respectively. Then they were cloned into different monocot and dicot expression vectors to be used for further wheat and tobacco genetic transformation studies. To understand effects of salinity, drought, cold and heat stresses on expression profiles of TaNAC69-1 and TtNAM-B2 genes, quantitative real time PCR was performed. The time series expression profiles of TaNAC69-1 show that it was signi

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RNA splicing is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined together. Human adenovirus type 2 pre-mRNAs undergoes intensive alternative splicing and produce more than 40 differently spliced mRNAs.  This thesis work is focused on the identification of new splice sites in adenovirus. By virtue of Illumina mRNA sequencing technology we have identified 255 splice sites. Splice site analysis of the introns revealed the presence of three types of splice sites GT-AG (61.2%), GC-AG (25.9%) and AT-AC (12.9%). Among 255 splice sites, 224 were new. Significantly, more than 50% of the new splice sites were located in the major late transcription unit on the positive strand of adenovirus DNA. Three new splice sites; 17452-29489 (GC-AG) located on the negative strand of adenovirus DNA in the E2 region, 9668-20346 (AT-AC) and 9699-30505 (GC-AG) on the positive strand of adenovirus DNA in the major late transcription unit were further confirmed by PCR analysis. / Adenovirus replication and transcriptome