This thesis examines the work of Pindar from a political, ideological, and economic perspective. It is based on the premise that the society in which Pindar lived and the society he presents in the odes are not examples of fully embedded economies, and that elements of a market economy have an impact on both the society and the odes' ideology. A thorough analysis of the economics of Isthmian 2 shows that gift economy coexists with market economy. My thesis focuses on the odes dedicated to the Sicilian tyrants, Hieron of Syracuse and Theron of Akragas. The odes dedicated to Hieron have a different ideology, propaganda and economy in comparison with those composed for Theron. Hieron is presented as an almighty king whose values do not derive from inherited excellence (phya), but from his wealth. By analysing the reciprocal relationships in the mythological exempla, I argue that the poet reveals Hieron to be prone to market behaviour and suggests the dangers involved in pursuing obscene profit and in applying market logic to politics. In the case of Theron, Pindar treats him according to traditional aristocratic values. Theron is the most prominent person of an aristocratic family and closely follows the laws of the gift economy. He is a man whose values are inherited and his exceptional phya justifies his tyranny. A brief comparison of the concept of phya in the Aeginetan odes illustrates the different way the concept is applied in the case of a tyrant. In conclusion, Pindar is a poet who knows the wishes of his patrons and how to promote their propaganda, but he also lives in a society which functions not only under the laws of a fully embedded economy, but also under those of a market economy, and the logic of the latter has influenced his poetry. An ideological examination of his work uncovers the traces of this influence.

Abstract Plants and animals colonized Northern Europe after the last Ice Age from different refugia, not covered by the ice sheet. Many plants, such as the northern rock cress (Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea) adapted to the short growing season in the North. We thus expect that colonization of the new environment was accompanied by directional selection for traits conferring this adaptation. In this thesis I studied whether recent directional selection can be detected in two important genes, PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA) and FLOWERING LOCUS C1 (FLC1), related to the flowering time pathway. To detect directional selection, I compared DNA sequence variation from the samples of a southern (Plech, Germany) and a northern (Spiterstulen, Norway) population. I also studied the current response potential to changing conditions in the marginal Spiterstulen population. Adaptation potential was characterized by assessing plasticity and amount of additive genetic variation, focusing on flowering traits. In addition, associations of 21 flowering time candidate genes for phenological and fitness traits were studied. There were several lines of evidence for recent directional selection in both candidate genes, PHYA and FLC1, in the northern Spiterstulen population Variation was strongly reduced around both genes and in addition they were highly differentiated between populations. In the Spiterstulen population there was a remarkable reduction in additive genetic variation for flowering traits, for instance when compared with morphological traits. On the other hand, phenological traits showed high plasticity. Some of the photoperiodic pathway genes showed association to flowering or reproductive fitness. The results suggest that directional selection during the colonization of the northern areas has impacted the two studied genes. Genetic changes were likely involved in altered photoperiodic and vernalization responses which might be adaptive for a short growing season. Further, directional selection was probably responsible for reducing additive genetic variation in flowering traits. Because there was only little genetic variation, adaptation to future environmental change of the marginal Spiterstulen population is likely to rely largely on plastic reactions to environmental signals, or tracking the environment by dispersal. / Tiivistelmä Kasvit ja eläimet levittäytyivät Pohjois-Eurooppaan viimeisen jääkauden jälkeen mannerjäätikön ulkopuolella jääneistä refugioista. Useat kasvit, kuten idänpitkäpalko (Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea) sopeutuivat pohjoisen lyhyeen kasvukauteen. On syytä olettaa, että suuntaava valinta vaikutti sopeutumisessa tärkeisiin ominaisuuksiin. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkin voidaanko suuntaavan valinnan aiheuttamia jalanjälkiä löytää kahdesta tärkeästä kukkimisaikageenistä, FYTOKROMI A (PHYA) ja FLOWERING LOCUS C1 (FLC1) geeneistä. Tätä varten vertasin DNA sekvenssimuuntelua pohjoisessa (Norja) ja eteläisessä (Saksa) populaatiossa, kiinnittäen erityisesti huomiota geneettisen muuntelun määrään ja erilaistumiseen. Lisäksi tutkin miten Spiterstulenin reunapopulaatio voi vastata tulevaisuudessa muuttuvaan ympäristöön. Sopeutumispotentiaalia arvioitiin sekä fenotyyppisen plastisuuden että additiivisen geneettisen muuntelun määrällä. Lisäksi tutkin miten vaihtelu 21 kukkimisaikageenissä liittyy fenologisiin ja kelpoisuusominaisuuksiin. Useat merkit viittasivat siihen, että suuntaava valinta oli vaikuttanut kummassakin tutkitussa geenissä. Muuntelu oli vähentynyt voimakkaasti kumpaakin geeniä ympäröiviltä kromosomialueilta, jotka olivat myös selkeästi erilaistuneet. Additiivinen geneettinen muuntelu oli selvästi vähentynyt kukkimisominaisuuksissa verrattuna morfologisiin ominaisuuksiin, mahdollisesti suuntaavan valinnan johdosta. Kukkimisominaisuudet olivat kuitenkin plastisia. Jotkin valojaksoreitin geenit vaikuttivat sekä kukkimiseen että lisääntymiskykyyn. Nämä tulokset osoittavat että suuntaava valinta vaikutti kahteen tutkittuun geeniin pohjoiseen levittäytymisen aikana. Geneettiset muutokset liittyivät todennäköisesti muuttuneisiin valojakso-, ja vernalisaatiovasteisiin, jotka saattoivat edistää sopeutumista lyhyeen kasvukauteen. Koska geneettistä muuntelua oli vain hyvin vähän, fenotyyppisellä plastisuudella on todennäköisesti tärkeä rooli sopeutumisessa muuttuvaan ympäristöön Spiterstulenin reunapopulaatiossa.

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Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-29).