A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Physical Therapy].

There has been much interest in the last five or ten years in supercritical fluid extraction. In addition to the fact that some supercritical fluids may be less harmful to the environment than traditional extraction solvents, claims have been made for the superior extraction capabilities of supercritical fluids. In a few cases concentrations from absorbance measurements in the supercritical have been calculated with absorptivities derived from studies in liquid systems. This study suggests that the molar absorptivity in the supercritical may be quite different from that in a liquid system. The Beer's Law analysis done here was not adaquate to determine the absolute molar absorptivities in the system being examined, anthracene in carbon dioxide. This failure is in large part due, however, to the relative crudeness of the equipment and procedure used. While failing in the quantitative analysis, a use of Beer's Law in a qualitative capacity may be warranted. The analysis does succeed as an indicator of changes in molecular behavior that occur not only between liquid and high-pressure systems but also those, much slighter, that occur between high-pressure liquid and supercritical fluid systems.

CaOH and CaOD were studied in the gas phase using dye laser spectroscopy. The molecules were produced in a Broida-type oven. Laser excitation spectroscopy was used to study the Ḃ²Σ⁺-X²Σ⁺ transition of CaOD near 5500 Å. The 000-000 band was rotationally analyzed and r₀ structures were established for both states. Like other alkaline earth monohydroxides, CaOD is a linear molecule. For the Ḃ²Σ⁺ state the following bond lengths were found: r(Ca-O) = 1.9697Å and r(O-H) = 0.9179Å, while for the X²Σ⁺ state, r(Ca-O) = 1.9849 and r(O-H) = 0.9207Å. Optical-optical double resonance (OODR) was used to investigate the upper electronic states of CaOH. A ²Π electronic state and three ²Σ vibronic states were observed for the first time in the region 2990 - 3070 Å. For the ²Π state the rotational constant, B°, and the band origin energy, T₀, were calculated: B° = 0.347 cm⁻¹ and T = 32360 cm⁻¹.

<p> In the mid-1970s, an enormous open-ocean polynya developed in the Weddell Sea. Since the Weddell Polynya's occurrence, no polynya of similar size or duration has been observed in the region. A polynya of this magnitude could significantly affect global abyssal ocean properties via increased Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation and large Weddell Sea water mass property perturbations. However, the scarcity of 1970s Weddell Sea observations, coupled with the sparseness of abyssal ocean observations, make it difficult to study this phenomenon's oceanic impact without models. This dissertation examines the influence of Weddell Polynyas on abyssal ocean water mass properties and circulation using the GFDL CM2G coupled climate model. </p><p> Abyssal ocean temperature, salinity, and water mass changes resulting from Weddell Polynyas are quantified in CM2G and compared to observations. The model polynyas initially cool the abyssal Southern Ocean and South Atlantic, but 2-3 decades after polynya cessation the same regions warm as they relax toward their mean state. Composites of multiple, spontaneously-occurring polynyas in CM2G reveal that up to 10% of recently observed warming in the abyssal Southern Ocean could be the result of the 1970s Weddell Polynya recovery. </p><p> Weddell Polynya transport mechanisms are also investigated. Polynya signal transport is governed by two processes acting on different timescales and spreading at different rates: 1) topographic and planetary waves that act on interannual-to-decadal timescales, and 2) advection that acts on decadal-to-centennial timescales. Both mechanisms generate property changes on isobaths. Despite different spreading rates, the advective and wave signals act contemporaneously in many Southern Hemisphere abyssal basins. The combined effect and relative magnitude of the two signals dictates the prevailing property changes. </p><p> During Weddell Polynyas, vigorous exchange occurs between the surface and deep waters, resulting in increased abyssal ventilation. In climate models, ideal age tracer is often used to investigate oceanic ventilation. This tracer suffers from several flaws that detract from its suitability as a ventilation diagnostic. We develop a new tracer, ?-age, that rectifies some of ideal age's problematic aspects and examine its utility in an offline tracer model.</p>

Thirty female outpatients with metastatic breast carcinoma were evaluated using two operational models constructed for the purpose of assessing and assigning a quantitative score for (A) extent of metastatic disease and (B) level of functional disability. These patients were drawn from the population of patients with disseminated breast carcinoma attending the medical oncology clinics at the Medical College of Virginia Tumor Clinics for a 49 day period in 1975. The data from this patient sample were used to test several hypotheses. Each patient underwent an initial screening procedure designed to clearly identify those patients with disseminated disease. This was followed by a preliminary evaluation involving related background information. The selected patient sample was then evaluated and scored on the operational models. The numerical data were tabulated and statistically analyzed for the full patient sample and subsequently for inclusive groupings using the following parameters: age, length of disease, length of disease free interval, duration of metastatic disease, clinic attended, and major metastatic sites. In addition, the distribution of the patient sample over functional classification categories, the frequency of specific disabilities, and related sample characteristics were tabulated and analyzed. A summary of the major findings of this research project are enumerated below: 1. There is a positive statistical correlation between the extent of metastatic disease and the level of disability and physical dysfunction for the full sample of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. 2. Those patients over the age of 60, and those patients having their disease longer than 3.3 years do not exhibit significantly greater levels of functional disability than those patients under the age of 60 or those patients having their disease less than 3.3 years. 3. The length of the disease free interval, the duration of metastatic disease, and the tumor clinic attended did not have a significant effect on the extent of metastases or the level of physical dysfunction in these patients. 4. For each of the six major metastatic sites (lung, pleura, bone, liver, brain, and distant lymphatic or skin and soft tissue), there was a positive statistical correlation between the extent of metastatic disease and the level of physical dysfunction. The value for r exceeded .7 and was significant for each group except Group PD — those patients with pleural effusions. 5. Patients with pleural effusions had significantly less metastatic disease in comparison to the full patient sample. These patients also correlated the lowest between extent of metastases and level of functional disability. 6. Patients with liver metastases showed the highest correlation coefficient of any of the other groups; this value was significantly different from the full patient sample correlation coefficient. 7. Patients with brain metastases had significantly greater amounts of metastatic disease, and significantly greater levels of functional disability in comparison to all patients combined. 8. Patients with pleural effusions or bone metastases were less likely to have several additional anatomical sites involved with metastatic tumor. 9. Patients with lung, liver, brain, or skin and soft tissue — distant lymphatic involvement were more likely to have several additional anatomical sites involved with metastatic tumor. 10. There was a statistically uneven distribution of patients over a six category functional classification schema, the majority of patients not being severely dysfunctional. 11. Approximately three fourths of the patients with metastatic breast carcinoma would have the supportive goal selected for their rehabilitation needs. 12. Approximately one fourth of the patients could be classified as terminal or preterminal and would have the palliative goal selected for their rehabilitation needs. 13. Less than one third of the patient sample could be classified in performance status levels which would indicate that they need assistance of some kind to care for their personal needs, carry on normal daily activities, or return to part time employment, duties, or age-appropriate tasks. The physical therapy needs for this group are correspondingly greater.

The problem of this study was to determine the effects of (1) a conditioning program designed to develop cardiovascular-respiratory efficiency and (2) a conditioning program designed to develop strength and agility on the improvement of parameters of physical fitness as measured "by the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test, basal heart rate, and physical work capacity determined by a progressive work test on the bicycle ergometer.

This study examines the relationship between an individual's health locus of control belief and four variables: previous job injury experience, the duration of work absence due to previous job injury, appointment keeping behavior, and the wage replacement ratio. Seventy-two subjects with job related injuries referred to an industrial physical therapist were administered the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). There was an uneven distribution of subjects according to MHLC belief patterns with more subjects demonstrating a "pure internal" health locus of control belief. No significance (Q > .05) was found between our four variables associated with a job injury and a high powerful others (PHLC) and chance (CHLC) locus of control beliefs. Not all the subjects had experienced a previous job injury and, therefore, had not developed learned expectancies regarding this type of situation. Their health locus of control belief may be a general measure whereas for those subjects with prior job injury experience, the health locus of control for this situation is likely to be a more specific construct. The researcher concludes that a worker's belief that the external factors of chance or a significant powerful other may not relate to experience with previous injury on the job, the duration of previous job injuries, financial factors associated with job injury and the stage of the injury.

The purposes of this study were to: (1) describe posture and movement of non-disabled children while English horseback riding at a walk, (2) propose a developmental sequence for each of three components of body posture and movement: the upper extremity the lower extremity, and the head and trunk, and (3) describe age differences in posture and movement while riding. The study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. Thirty children without disabilities: ten five-year-olds who had never received formal riding lessons; ten seven- and eight-year-olds who had received six months or less of formal riding lessons; and ten nine and ten-year-olds who had received seven months or more cf formal riding lessons; were videotaped while horseback riding at a walk. Posture and movement of the upper extremity, the lower extremity, and the head and trunk, were each described in writing and categories were established to summarize the different postures and movements observed within each component. Horseback riding literature, which describes an "advanced" form for English riding was consulted to propose a developmental sequence for each component. The frequency of occurrence of each category in each age group was determined and graphed with respect to age. This graph was compared with the sequence proposed after consulting the riding literature. As a result of the study, five categories of posture and movement were formed for each of the components. As a group, the children demonstrated 54 different combinations of component posture or movement while riding. Each age group demonstrated a different modal combination of component posture or movement. None of the developmental sequences proposed from riding literature were supported by the data. However, age differences observed in this study enabled new developmental sequences to be proposed for development of component posture in the task of English horseback riding.

This study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of different feedback variables on isometric strength performance. The variables studied were auditory EMG biofeedback, knowledge of results, and verbal cues. Nineteen normal adult women volunteered as subjects for the study. Each subject performed nine isometric contractions of the triceps brachii muscle against the resistance of a cable tensiometer. One of three different types of feedback was given during each contraction in order to motivate subjects to generate as much force as possible. Feedback variables were applied in random order; each variable was used three times. Peak force readings were recorded from the cable tensiometer at the end of each trial. Force readings were converted into pounds by matching than to a calibration curve. The actual force values underwent analysis of variance to determine if one type of feedback variable was more effective in motivating subjects to put forth a maximum effort during isometric muscle contraction. Results showed that the type of variable used during task performance had no differing effect on the amount of tension generated. Thus, the null hypothesis that the application of either EMG biofeedback, knowledge of results, or verbal cueing has no "differing effect on the amount of force that is exerted during isometric contraction of the triceps brachii muscle could not be rejected.

The purpose of this study was to determine in normal knees, and in knees with anterior cruciate ligament absence, what effect maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps has on translation of the tibia on the femur. Ten subjects with bilaterally normal knees, and nine subjects with one normal knee and the contralateral knee having an arthroscopic finding of absent anterior cruciate ligament were tested. Tibial translation was measured with a dial indicator at 15, 45 and 60 degrees of knee flexion. There was a measurable anterior translation of the tibia in all knees. An analysis of variance with post hoc testing of two weighted contrasts showed a significant increase from normal in anterior tibial translation in subjects with absence of the anterior cruciate ligament, P < 0.05. In subjects with normal knees, there was no significant difference in tibial translation between subject's right and left knees. Regardless of the status of the anterior cruciate ligament, there was no significant difference in translation between maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the quadriceps at 15, 45 or 60 degrees of knee flexion. It was concluded that in subjects with an absent anterior cruciate ligament, voluntary maximal isometric exercises of the quadriceps should be avoided through the range of 60 to 15 degrees of knee flexion. Another conclusion was that a valid comparison of anterior tibial translation during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps may be made between knees within the same subject. A third conclusion was that a difference of greater than 3.1 mm of anterior tibial translation between knees measured during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps may be a sign of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Suggestions for further research were proposed.