Immunosenescence results in reduced immune response to infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae as well as to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. The antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) provides protection against S. pneumoniae infection. CPS immunoresponse is T cell independent and needs the macrophage-derived cytokines such as IL-12, IL-6 and IL-1β to elicit an antibody response. We showed a cytokine dysregulation, i.e. a decrease in IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α but an increase in IL-10, in the aged (18-24 months old comparable to >65 years in human) compared to young adult mouse (8-12 weeks less than 65 years old) splenic macrophages (SM) or bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) activated via TLR4, TLR2 or TLR9 as well as heat killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP). There is also an age-associated defect in splenic B cells in the production of IgG3 upon stimulation with these ligands. A microarray analysis in SM followed by validation by both qt-RTPCR and western blots indicated that this age-associated defect in aged SM, BMDM and B cells was due to a heightened activity of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We hypothesized that the senescence of immune responses in macrophages and B cells is due to an increase in activity of PI3K/Akt and decrease in the activity of GSK-3, the downstream kinase. Inhibition of the PI3-kinase with either LY294002 or Wortmannin restored the TLR2, 4, 9 and HKSP induced cytokine phenotype of the aged to that of the young adult in both the SM and BMDM and an enhanced IgG3 production in aged mice. We also showed that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) the downstream target of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway with SB216763 in SM, BMDM and B cells resulted in an enhancement in production of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1β by macrophages and in B cell activation. Treatment of B cells with SB216763 in the presence of ligands for TLR-1/2, 4 or 9 as well as HKSP under in vitro conditions led to enhanced production of IgG3 and IgA, plasma cell formation and a slight increase in the proliferation of the B-cells with no adverse effects on the viability of the cells. Therefore, targeting the PI3K-AKT-GKS-3 signaling pathway could rescue the intrinsic signaling defect in the aged macrophages, increase IL-12 and IL-6, and enhance anti-CPS antibody responses.

Η παρούσα μελέτη διερευνά τη συμμετοχή της κινάσης της τριφωσφορικής ινοσιτόλης (PI3-kinase) στο σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι που επάγεται παρουσία μικρομοριακών συγκεντρώσεων καδμίου (Cd 50 μΜ) σε αιμοκύτταρα του μυδιού Μ. galloprovincialis. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση της ουσίας wortmannin (wort), που αποτελεί αναστολέα της δραστικότητας της PI3-kinase. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, αιμοκύτταρα που επωάστηκαν για 1 ώρα σε διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις wortmannin παρουσίασαν σημαντική μείωση της βιωσιμότητάς τους σε συγκεντρώσεις μεγαλύτερες από 50 nM. Επιπρόσθετα, κύτταρα που προ-επωάστηκαν με μη- τοξικές συγκεντρώσεις wortmannin, πριν την έκθεσή τους σε Cd 50 μΜ, παρουσίασαν σημαντική μείωση της ικανότητας του μετάλλου να προκαλεί αύξηση της θνησιμότητας των κυττάρων, παραγωγή σουπεροξειδικών ανιόντων (.O2 -) και νιτρικών οξειδίων (ΝΟ), καθώς και να επάγει την λιπιδική υπεροξείδωση. Παράλληλα, κύτταρα που επωάστηκαν με τον φωρβολεστέρα PMA (10 μg/ml), που αποτελεί σημαντικό αγωνιστή της πρωτεϊνικής κινάσης C (PKC) η οποία ευθύνεται για την επαγωγή της διαδικασίας της αναπνευστικής έκρηξης (παραγωγή .O2 - και ΝΟ, μέσω της ενεργοποίησης της NADPH οξειδάσης και ΝΟ συνθετάσης αντίστοιχα) έδειξαν σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων (.O2 -) και ΝΟ, συγκριτικά με τα κύτταρα ελέγχου. Η παρουσία της wortmannin (1 και 50 nM) σε κύτταρα που εκτέθηκαν στον φωρβολεστέρα PMA ανέστειλε σημαντικά της ικανότητα του τελευταίου να προκαλεί αύξηση των επιπέδων ΝΟ, ενώ τα επίπεδα (.O2 -) παρέμειναν υψηλά. Από τα αποτελέσματά μας μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι η PI3- kinase μπορεί να σχετίζεται με μια PKC-ανεξάρτητη επαγωγή της δραστικότητας της NO συνθετάσης, ενώ η αλληλεπίδρασή της με την PKC φαίνεται να οδηγεί στην επαγωγή της δραστικότητας της NAPDH οξειδάσης. / The involvement of PI3-kinase in cadmium (Cd) mediated oxidative effects on hemocytes of mussel M. galloprovincialis was investigated. According to the results, hemocytes pre-treated for 15 min with non-toxic concentrations of wortmannin (1 and 50 nM, as revealed by neutral red retention assay), a specific PI3-kinase inhibitor, showed a significant attenuation of Cd ability (at concentration of 50 μΜ) to promote cell death, superoxide anions (.O2 -) production, nitric oxide (NO) generation and lipid peroxidation (MDA content) in any case. Furthermore, wort-treated cells showed a significant attenuation of PMA (10 μg/ml) ability to induce NO generation but not .O2 - production. It seems that PI3-kinase in cells faced with pro-oxidants, such as Cd, could lead to a PKC-independent induction of NO synthase activity, while the existence of a cross-linking among PI3-kinase and protein kinase C is seemed fundamental for the regulation of NAPDH oxidase activity, probably through a PKC-dependent signaling pathway.

No description available.

Respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary oedema often result in poor health and in the worst case scenario, death. Several studies have proposed that the eventual resolution of these dangerous conditions is due to active sodium reabsorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which is crucial for lung fluid clearance. Although clinical prognosis can be improved by using glucocorticoid hormones to augment the ENaC-dependent removal of liquid from the lungs, we still require a better understanding of the underlying mechanism in order to improve treatments in the future. This thesis, therefore explores the role of serum / glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase 1 (SGK1) and protein kinase A (PKA) in the responses of hormone-stimulated H441 human airway cells. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, is thought to evoke expression of the gene encoding SGK1 and, to become catalytically active, this gene product must then be phosphorylated via TORC2 and PDK1, protein kinases activated via the P13-kinase pathway. Once activated, SGK1 appears to exert control over the surface abundance of ENaC subunits by phosphorylation, and thus inactivating, a ubiquitin ligase (Nedd4-2), that normally mediate the withdrawal of ENaC subunits from the plasma membrane. Protein kinase A (PKA) may contribute to this control mechanism by also phosphorylating Nedd4-2. In order to clarify the way in which these pathways contribute to glucocorticoid-induced lung liquid clearance, the present thesis has explored the effects of dexamethasone and / or PKA activation upon the overall / surface expression of ENaC subunits, the activities of SGK1 and PKA and the phosphorylation status of physiologically-important residues within Nedd4-2 itself.

No description available.

No description available.