This thesis examines the different roles that Islam plays in Malaysian and Indonesian - politics. Whereas Islam serves to identify and distinguish Malays from the other ethnic groups in Malaysia, Indonesian Islam reinforces a centre-periphery or Java-Outer Islands dichotomy. Islam's importance in Indonesia derives from the fact that approximately ninety percent of the country's population is Muslim, albeit many of them are not zealous practitioners. In Malaysia, on the other hand, Islam is important because it is used as a barometer to identify ethnic Malays who comprise approximately fifty-five percent of the population. Apart from being the ethnic majority, Malays wield most of the political power in Malaysia. Additionally, Islam is the official religion in Malaysia. Public policy responses toward Islam in both countries are substantially different. Indonesian public policy, which derives its precedent from Dutch colonial administration, only tolerates Islam as a private religion. Malays i an public policy toward Islam is at once supportive and suppressive. The government has to promote it as the country's official religion and outbid an Islamic political party. Also, the government has to direct Islamic revivalism so that the country's delicate inter-religious and inter-ethnic harmony is maintained. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

論文(碩士)--香港中文大學,1968. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 300-309). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1968. / Chapter (一) --- 引言 / Chapter (二) --- 東漢政權之本質及帝室與族之婚姻關係 / Chapter (甲) --- 東政權之本質 / Chapter (乙) --- 帝室與豪族之婚姻關係 / Chapter (丙) --- 親族之休戚相關 / Chapter (三) --- 東漢帝室嗣續與外戚勢力二者關聯之考察 / Chapter (甲) --- 郭陰馬三氏與帝室嗣續 / Chapter (乙) --- 臨朝諸后與帝室嗣續 / Chapter （丙） --- 諸帝嗣子之多寡有無 / Chapter （丁） --- 舊權之尊重 / Chapter （四） --- 東漢事規臺閣與權移外戚因果關係之論析 / Chapter （甲） --- 中朝與外朝之別 / Chapter （乙） --- 尚書權任與外戚擅政之關係 / Chapter （丙） --- 外戚以大將軍錄上書事 / Chapter （五） --- 東漢外戚勢力之淌長與京師柄及北官位置之關係 / Chapter （甲） --- 東漢京兵之重 / Chapter （乙） --- 外戚之操持兵柄與參決國政 / Chapter （丙） --- 外戚勢力消長之關鍵 / Chapter （丁） --- 北軍與北宮建置之形勢 / Chapter (六) --- 結語

This dissertation investigates social conservative activism in the American Republican Party and in four parties of the Canadian right: the Progressive Conservative Party, Reform Party, Canadian Alliance Party, and Conservative Party of Canada. While issues like gay and lesbian rights and abortion became politically contentious in both countries during the late 1960s, American social conservatives emerged earlier than their Canadian counterparts and enjoyed considerably more success. Understanding this contrast explains an important part of the difference between Canadian and American politics and explicates a key aspect of modern conservatism in North America. The argument developed here focuses on different norms about the boundary of politics held in right-wing parties in the two countries. Norms are embedded components of institutions that codify the “logic of appropriateness” for actors within a given institution (March and Olsen 1989, 160) and both construct and regulate the identities of political actors (Katzentstein 1996). The recognition of norms has been an important development in organizational theory, but one that has never been applied to modern office-seeking parties (Ware 1996, Berman 1998). Qualitative case studies establish that many Republicans understood both sexuality and appeals to religion as politically legitimate throughout the period under investigation. In Canada, alternatively, Progressive Conservatives saw such questions as being inappropriate grounds for political activity. This norm restricted social conservative mobilization in the party. It was only when the Reform Party upset both the institutions and ideology of Canadian conservatism that social conservatives began to gain prominence in Canadian politics. Since then, the success of Canadian social conservatives has been limited by Canada’s political culture and institutions but they are now, as their American counterparts have long been, consistently recognized by other Canadian conservatives as partners in the conservative coalition.

This dissertation investigates social conservative activism in the American Republican Party and in four parties of the Canadian right: the Progressive Conservative Party, Reform Party, Canadian Alliance Party, and Conservative Party of Canada. While issues like gay and lesbian rights and abortion became politically contentious in both countries during the late 1960s, American social conservatives emerged earlier than their Canadian counterparts and enjoyed considerably more success. Understanding this contrast explains an important part of the difference between Canadian and American politics and explicates a key aspect of modern conservatism in North America. The argument developed here focuses on different norms about the boundary of politics held in right-wing parties in the two countries. Norms are embedded components of institutions that codify the “logic of appropriateness” for actors within a given institution (March and Olsen 1989, 160) and both construct and regulate the identities of political actors (Katzentstein 1996). The recognition of norms has been an important development in organizational theory, but one that has never been applied to modern office-seeking parties (Ware 1996, Berman 1998). Qualitative case studies establish that many Republicans understood both sexuality and appeals to religion as politically legitimate throughout the period under investigation. In Canada, alternatively, Progressive Conservatives saw such questions as being inappropriate grounds for political activity. This norm restricted social conservative mobilization in the party. It was only when the Reform Party upset both the institutions and ideology of Canadian conservatism that social conservatives began to gain prominence in Canadian politics. Since then, the success of Canadian social conservatives has been limited by Canada’s political culture and institutions but they are now, as their American counterparts have long been, consistently recognized by other Canadian conservatives as partners in the conservative coalition.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [152-159]).

No description available.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [152]-[159]). Also available in print.

Rev. diss., Durham University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Rev. diss., Durham University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts