Chez les angiospermes, l'oxygène singulet est la forme majoritaire des espèces réactives de l'oxygène, étant produite lors de la photosynthèse. Son excès provoque le dommage photooxidatif conduisant à la mort cellulaire, observée chez les mutants affectés dans la voie de la biosynthèse de la chlorophylle. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé des mutants d'Arabidopsis thaliana qui manifestent le phénotype conditionnel de la mort cellulaire, causée par l'absence d'une protéine de l'enveloppe externe des plastes, OEP16-1. Cette protéine est impliquée dans le transport des amines, acides aminés et également dans l'import d'une enzyme clé de la synthèse de la chlorophylle, NADPH: Protochlorophyllide oxydoreductase A (PORA), dans les plastes. Une approche génétique inverse a permis d'isoler et de caractériser quatre mutants indépendants Atoep16-1, ayant différentes combinaisons des propriétés de la mort cellulaire et de la présence/absence de la PORA. Deux des mutants accumulent en excès de la protochlorophyllide libre (Pchlide) à l'obscurité et meurent après illumination. Dans ce cas, la Pchlide agit comme un photosensibilisateur déclenchant la production de l'oxygène singulet. Les deux autres mutants évitent la surproduction de la Pchide et verdissent normalement. En utilisant le mutant de l'orge, tigrina d12 comme référence, nous avons montré que la mort cellulaire induite lors du photoblanchiment chez les mutants Atoep16-1, intervient dans la voie flu-indépendante. L'initiation de la traduction sur des ribosomes 80S, a été identifiée comme étant une cible majeure de l'oxygène singulet, au cours des premières heures du verdissement. Dans un stade plus tardif, l'oxygène singulet a provoqué la dissociation des ribosomes. Nous avons ainsi fourni des preuves que les deux effets sur la traduction sont génétiquement liés et qu'ils peuvent être ensuite étudiés à l'aide des mutants Atoep16-1 que nous avons isolé et du mutant flu, préalablement identifié.

Derivative synonyms of the names of places Summary Master‘s work object: derivative synonyms of the names of places, their rows formed from derivatives from the Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian published in 2000. Derivative synonyms of the names of places are the kind of synonyms which have the same root, different derivational affixes and very similar or identical lexical meaning (524 derivatives, 220 rows). The place is named according its things, qualities or actions. The theme is relevant because derivative synonyms had not been explored in Lithuania so far. In this work theoretical aspects of derivative synonyms are discussed on the basis of concreat material – derivative synonyms of the names of places: concept of derivative synonyms, the relation of variants of derivative synonyms and words, derivative synonyms and style. Also synonymical derivatives of the names of places are analysed (ways of derivation, means and various combinations, synonymical derivatives of different suffixes, inflections, prefixes and compound words). The main purpose of this work is to show that there are semantically and stylistically similar or identical derivative synonyms in the category of derivation of the names of places. Objectives: to show the difference between derivative synonyms of the names of places and variants of the names of places; to discuss derivative synonyms of the names of places in point of polysemy; to show stylistic variety of derivative synonyms; to show variety and... [to full text]

The diploma thesis focuses on the theme of cooperation and communication that takes place in schools as part of the education of pupils with special educational needs. This thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first part, the author draws on theoretical knowledge and, based on the work with the available literature, she prepares three main areas related to the topic. This first area focusing on special educational needs with a more detailed description of the most common support measures - individual educational plan and teacher assistant. Another area deals with counseling outside and within the school, including counselors. The conclusion of the first part is devoted to general and pedagogical communication. The first theoretical part is gassing, the empirical part follows. At the beginning of the empirical part are described the used research methods and the choice of the research sample. The following is a description of the functioning of the education of pupils with specific educational needs at a selected elementary school in the Central Bohemian Region. The description of the function itself completes the interview with six selected school staff, especially with the staff of the school counseling center. The aim was to describe the working model and to see how individual workers...