The aim of this thesis is to analyse the concepts of good and evil in Henry James&rsquo / s two novels, The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl. The main argument, which is supported with evidence from the novels and several articles and books, is that the conceps of good and evil permeate the novels, that Henry James&rsquo / s use of symbolism and imagery reinforces the illustration of these concepts, that the contextual understanding of these terms cannot be separated from the environmental, financial and contextual factors that influence the characters&rsquo / responses to the world outside themselves and that human relations and the characters&rsquo / relatedness to the world outside themselves constitute the point where good and evil reside.

The present analysis is intended to shed some light on Forster&amp / #8217 / s use of myth, recurrent mythical images and archetypal patterns in his works. This study analyses Forster&amp / #8217 / s archetypal images making particular references to his major works namely, short stories, Where Angels Fear to Tread, A Room with a View, The Longest Journey, Howards End and A Passage to India. The study is confined to the functions and significance of the mythical images and archetypal patterns represented in the aforementioned works. Forster tried to reflect the insecurity and rootlessness of modern life through mythical motifs / he showed a modern man who has become alienated from himself and nature. Forster&amp / #8217 / s most obvious use of mythology is found in the short stories, which are fantasies. It is a mythology which stems from earth and nature, the two elements which act as unifying forces throughout his fiction. It is interesting to note further that this preoccupation with earth and nature is carried into all the other novels before A Passage to India. Forster&amp / #8217 / s use of classical myth and his general attitude toward nature and earth are found in all his fiction. The method used is archetypal criticism / it deals with archetypes which are primordial images perceived across cultures, inherited from time immemorial, issuing from a &amp / #8216 / collective unconscious&amp / #8217 / . An archetype is a mythic symbol, which is deeply rooted in the unconscious, more broadly based on a foundation of universal nature than an ordinary literary symbol, and is more generally expressive of the elemental in man and nature. Chapter one identifies the dominant archetypal approaches and further selects the most appropriate framework for a study of myth and archetypes in Forster&amp / #8217 / s work. Chapter two deals with nature archetypes which find their best expression in Forster&amp / #8217 / s short stories. Chapter three and four focus on Forster&amp / #8217 / s character archetypes in his A Room with a View, and Where Angels Fear to Tread. Chapter five attempts to explore the tragic and heroic aspects of the character archetypes in The Longest Journey. Chapter six deals with Forster&amp / #8217 / s use of archetypal symbols in Howards End. Chapter seven focuses on Forster&amp / #8217 / s prophetic vision in A Passage to India, in which Forster exhibited a prophetic tone of voice and extended the scope of his archetypes. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse E. M. Forster&amp / #8217 / s use of myth, recurrent mythical images and archetypal patterns in his efforts to communicate his vision of life. This study argues that Forster progresses from fantasy to prophecy. Depending on this progress, Forster&amp / #8217 / s archetypes evolve. This investigation familiarises the reader with how mythical motifs and archetypes enable the author to communicate his vision of reality, which is essentially timeless. Keywords: Mythology, Archetype

This thesis will try to carry out a Derridean approach to Charlotte Bront&euml / &#039 / s two last, important, and mature novels: Shirley and Villette. From among all Derridean concepts, the idea of deferral of meaning and mourning are chosen to be investigated through close reading of the selected novels. The aim is to make clear the unexplored thoughts, meanings and feelings found in Bront&euml / &#039 / s texts, using Derrida&#039 / s philosophical ideas as a tool. Many interpretations will be exposed for the progression of the stories in Shirley and Villette, and for the nature of the characters, both men and women. This process will demonstrate the endless deferral of meaning and the way the characters mourn for the eternal absence of those they love. The thesis is not just about the deferral of Bront&euml / &#039 / s intended meaning, but also about the deferral of the meanings of all words and concepts which ultimately make the meaning unattainable or always absent.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the dislocation of power and alienation through the use of dramatic violence in Edward Albee&rsquo / s The Zoo Story, Eugene Ionesco&rsquo / s The Lesson and Sarah Kane&rsquo / s Blasted. To illustrate the idea of dislocation in the plays mentioned, this dissertation primarily concentrates on the theoretical backgound of two distinctive themes / power and alienation. After this, the idea of violence and language are examined in relation to the development of power and alienation. The thesis then provides brief information about the absurdist tradition to which the plays The Zoo Story and The Lesson belong. After the analysis of the dislocation of power and alienation with the use of dramatic violence in these two plays, it presents brief information about &ldquo / in-yer-face&rdquo / theatre and the paralellism between this theatre and the absurd tradition. Finally, the idea of dislocation of power and alienation in Blasted, which belongs to a later period, is illustrated to show the actuality of the theme violence and its effects in Western drama.

This thesis aims to analyze poems by Emily Dickinson and John Milton according to Julia Kristeva&rsquo / s theories of poetic language and abjection, and to see the extent to which these concepts are applicable to two such different poets and also to see how the poets compare within such analytic framework. Kristeva adapts a psychoanalytic approach to poststructuralist theory. Psychoanalytic criticism with its two leading figures, Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, has been analyzed to see its reflections on Kristeva&rsquo / s theory. As regards, the semiotic, the symbolic, the abject and the paragrammatic structure of poetic language are four main concepts which have been found to be critical tools to be used in the analyses of Dickinson and Milton&rsquo / s poems. What has been concluded from the analyses in this thesis is that in both Dickinson and Milton&rsquo / s poems, according to Kristeva&rsquo / s theory of poetic language, there is the intrusion of the semiotic into the symbolic which is further supported with the concept of the abject. Also, the difference between a seventeenth century and a modern poet in terms of a Kristevan approach has been deduced in this thesis. That is, Kristeva&rsquo / s theory of paragrammatic structure has proved that in v Dickinson&rsquo / s poems, each and every word helps to sustain an image. Contrary to this, in Milton&rsquo / s Comus, which is a work of the seventeenth century, it has been somewhat difficult to apply Kristeva&rsquo / s theory of paragrammatic structure.

The thesis analyses the relations of psychology with literature by applying Freudian theories, and brings these relations into light in the novels of Doris Lessing, Yusuf Atilgan and D.M. Thomas. The first chapter clarifies the aim of the study and gives an overview of the relations between psychology and literature in the past and the present. It, then, provides brief background information about the theories of Freud and the relations of these theories with the themes, which are dealt with in the novels of the writers in question. The following chapters treat the novels according to the theories of Freud such as &ldquo / the Oedipus Complex, death and life instincts, unconscious, id, ego and superego&rdquo / , and therefore the thesis primarily focuses on the hidden feelings of the protagonists as well as their struggle in the twentieth century world. Through the analyses of the protagonists, the study asserts that Freud has been influential on the works of different authors in different cultures, which reinforces the idea of the universality of his psychoanalytical theories.

This thesis carries out an analysis of the plays by Samuel Beckett, Endgame and Happy Days. It achieves this by exploring how the playwright&rsquo / s characterization, setting and use of language in these plays display his tendency to employ some existentialist concepts such as despair, anxiety and thrownness on the way to authenticity. This study argues that there are some similarities between Beckett&rsquo / s two plays and Existentialism, and some characters in both plays display the existentialist man who is looking for becoming an authentic man. In other words, although there are some differences, these plays show that Samuel Beckett&rsquo / s view of Existentialism is quite similar to the Sartrean view.

This study aims to analyze the use of parody in Jeanette Winterson&rsquo / s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and Boating for Beginners. Winterson uses parody as a means to re-contextualise and re-interpret the Biblical material in a playful manner in these two novels. Moreover, parody becomes a means for her to revise certain other texts and discourses. Due to these parodic references to other texts and discourses, the novels have an intertextual structure and they are open to a variety of interpretations instead of releasing a single meaning.

ABSTRACT WUTHERING HEIGHTS BY BRONT&Eacute / AND A HERO OF OUR TIME BY LERMONTOV Hacizade, G&uuml / nel M.A., Department of English Literature Supervisor: Dr. Deniz Arslan November 2008, 118 pages This study aims to make a comparative analysis of the Russian novelist Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov&rsquo / s A Hero of Our Time and the English novelist Emily Bront&eacute / &rsquo / s Wuthering Heights in the light of the narratological model introduced by G&eacute / rard Genette in Narrative Discourse. Through an analysis of the narrative methods employed in both A Hero of Our Time and Wuthering Heights, this study offers a discussion of the characterization of the protagonists, Pechorin and Heathcliff, who belong to different cultures and whose stories have nothing in common, and shows how similar narrative strategies used in both novels play an active role in the formation of similar character traits. Pechorin and Heathcliff are complex characters inspiring contradictory feelings, which is possible due to the complex mechanism provided by fractures in time, changes in distance and perspective, and multiple narrators. Both protagonists are superior in their passions and powers to the average man, but they do not possess heroic virtues. Lermontov and Bront&eacute / &rsquo / s characterizations of their protagonists create various reactions to and feelings about them in the reader. The reader becomes fascinated by the protagonists despite their repulsive deeds. The thesis presents the narratological analysis to find out whether similar narrative methods in their novels form similar character traits in the protagonists and to reveal the impact of these methods on the reader&rsquo / s reactions to the protagonists.

This thesis analysis George Orwell&rsquo / s three novels / Burmese Days, Keep the Aspidistra Flying and Nineteen Eighty-Four in terms of the main political ideas expressed through these works. It begins with an overview of Orwell as a political writer and the political atmosphere of the era. The thesis then asserts that the novels are used as a form of propaganda by the writer. The central political ideas that appear in the novels are imperialism in Burmese Days, capitalism in Keep the Aspidistra Flying and totalitarianism in Nineteen Eighty-Four. This dissertation is therefore primarily organized around these topics, and Orwell&rsquo / s use of his novels as a way of conveying his political message will be illustrated and exemplified in the study.