Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Dresden.

O formalismo de reações quase-livres (p,2p) com prótons incidentes polarizados, sugere a possibilidade de medir o acoplamento spin-órbita dos prótons nucleares. A idéia se apóia na existência de uma polarização efetiva dos prótons nucleares devido ao acoplamento spin-órbita e na forte dependência das secções de choque próton-próton livres, a médias energias, com respeito à orientação relativa dos spins das partículas. Uma avaliação quantitativa baseada num modelo simples para reações quase-livres coplanares e assimétricas no 16O, com prótons incidentes polarizados a 215 MeV, confirma essa expectativa. São obtidas polarizações efetivas, distribuições de momentum distorcidas e secções de choque de correlação para os estados 1p1/2 , 1p3/2 e 1s1/2 do 16O, usando prótons incidentes totalmente polarizados nos dois sentidos perpendiculares ao plano de espalhamento. Para determinar as grandezas acima, são utilizadas funções de onda geradas por potenciais oscilador harmônico e poço quadrado, sendo os potenciais óticos puramente imaginários e independentes de spin. Os resultados confirmam a possibilidade de investigar o acoplamento spin-órbita dos prótons nucleares, bem como permitem propor alguns testes para as aproximações envolvidas no formalismo, como a aproximação de impulso com ondas distorcidas. Acreditamos que, embora nesse trabalho os potenciais óticos levem em consideração apenas a absorção, tornou-se claro que as reações quase-livres com prótons polarizados poderão, num futuro próximo, dar informações sobre o acoplamento spin-órbita, que é praticamente desconhecido para as camadas mais internas. / The formalism of quasi-free (p,2p) reactions with polarized protons suggests the possibility of measuring the spin-orbit coupling of nuclear protons. The idea is to make use of the strong effective polarization of the knocked-out proton by the spin-orbit coupling and of the strong dependence of the free, medium energy, proton-proton cross section on the relative orientation of the proton spins. This possibility is confirmed by a quantitative evaluation, based on a simple model for spin-free coplanar and asymmetric reactions in 16O, for 215 MeV incoming polarized protons. Effective polarizations, momentum distributions and correlation cross sections have been calculated for the 1p 1/2 , 1p3/2 and 1s1/2 states in 16O, using protons totally polarized orthogonal to the scattering plane. Harmonic oscillator and square wells have been used to generate the bound state wave functions, whereas the optical potentials have been taken spin-independent and purely imaginary. The results confirm the possibility to investigate the spin-orbit coupling of nuclear protons, as well as allow for certain tests of the involved approximations of the formalism, as the distorted wave impulse approximation. We believe that, although in this work the optical potentials are only absorptive, it has become clear that quasi-free scattering with polarized protons could in the near future give information on the spin-orbit coupling, which is practically unknown for inner shells.

Predições teóricas, experimentalente confirmadas, mostraram que o núcleon ejetado em um processo quase-livre encontrava-se, em geral, polarizado no núcleo.

Predições teóricas, experimentalente confirmadas, mostraram que o núcleon ejetado em um processo quase-livre encontrava-se, em geral, polarizado no núcleo.

O formalismo de reações quase-livres (p,2p) com prótons incidentes polarizados, sugere a possibilidade de medir o acoplamento spin-órbita dos prótons nucleares. A idéia se apóia na existência de uma polarização efetiva dos prótons nucleares devido ao acoplamento spin-órbita e na forte dependência das secções de choque próton-próton livres, a médias energias, com respeito à orientação relativa dos spins das partículas. Uma avaliação quantitativa baseada num modelo simples para reações quase-livres coplanares e assimétricas no 16O, com prótons incidentes polarizados a 215 MeV, confirma essa expectativa. São obtidas polarizações efetivas, distribuições de momentum distorcidas e secções de choque de correlação para os estados 1p1/2 , 1p3/2 e 1s1/2 do 16O, usando prótons incidentes totalmente polarizados nos dois sentidos perpendiculares ao plano de espalhamento. Para determinar as grandezas acima, são utilizadas funções de onda geradas por potenciais oscilador harmônico e poço quadrado, sendo os potenciais óticos puramente imaginários e independentes de spin. Os resultados confirmam a possibilidade de investigar o acoplamento spin-órbita dos prótons nucleares, bem como permitem propor alguns testes para as aproximações envolvidas no formalismo, como a aproximação de impulso com ondas distorcidas. Acreditamos que, embora nesse trabalho os potenciais óticos levem em consideração apenas a absorção, tornou-se claro que as reações quase-livres com prótons polarizados poderão, num futuro próximo, dar informações sobre o acoplamento spin-órbita, que é praticamente desconhecido para as camadas mais internas. / The formalism of quasi-free (p,2p) reactions with polarized protons suggests the possibility of measuring the spin-orbit coupling of nuclear protons. The idea is to make use of the strong effective polarization of the knocked-out proton by the spin-orbit coupling and of the strong dependence of the free, medium energy, proton-proton cross section on the relative orientation of the proton spins. This possibility is confirmed by a quantitative evaluation, based on a simple model for spin-free coplanar and asymmetric reactions in 16O, for 215 MeV incoming polarized protons. Effective polarizations, momentum distributions and correlation cross sections have been calculated for the 1p 1/2 , 1p3/2 and 1s1/2 states in 16O, using protons totally polarized orthogonal to the scattering plane. Harmonic oscillator and square wells have been used to generate the bound state wave functions, whereas the optical potentials have been taken spin-independent and purely imaginary. The results confirm the possibility to investigate the spin-orbit coupling of nuclear protons, as well as allow for certain tests of the involved approximations of the formalism, as the distorted wave impulse approximation. We believe that, although in this work the optical potentials are only absorptive, it has become clear that quasi-free scattering with polarized protons could in the near future give information on the spin-orbit coupling, which is practically unknown for inner shells.

This study consists of four major areas of research. First, the relationship between and was extended to Lrl nil homoallylic couplings and was used to determine the relative degree of puckering in a series of dihydroaromatic carboxylic acids. Second, the effect of coupling contributions transmitted through space were examined by theoretical calculations of the intermediate neglect of differential overlap finite perturbation theory type (INDO-FPT) including selective overlap reduction experiments to determine the sign and magnitude of the major through-space contributions and the effect of the orientation of the substituent upon the vicinal carbon3 carbon coupling. Third, the dependence of the J upon substituent orientation in norbornanes was empirically investigated by the synthesis of a series of lactones and cyclic ethers whose conformation was rigid and known. Fourth, a large number of norbornanes substituted with methyls in the 1, 3, and 7 position and a carbon-13 labeled substituent in the 2 position were synthesized and studied in order to obtain a variety of vicinal C-C couplings; all the NMR parameters for this series of compounds were determined while the carbon13 labeled substituent was varied from methyl to methylene to carbinol to aldehyde and to carboxylic acid.

<p> We study the Coulomb effect on the proton-proton low-energy scattering parameters when all other effects are represented by a separable potential.</p> <p> For this purpose, we present a formulation for the scattering of two particles via a separable potential. We treat the same problem when any potential, particularly a Coulomb potential or a separable potential, is added to the separable potential. The properties of scattering from a separable potential plus a (local or non-local) potential lead us to the possibility of obtaining a one term separable potential equivalent to a two term separable potential, and a model for the nuclear potential as a sum of a separable potential and a non-separable potential.</p> <p> We determine, to the first order in Me^2/β where β^-1 is the range of the separable potential, the parameters for Yamaguchi's and Naqvi's separable potentials from proton-proton scattering data. We use these parameters to calculate the low-energy proton-proton scattering parameters when the Coulomb interaction is removed. Our results show that the shape dependence of these parameters are somewhat larger than obtained by Heller et al in their investigation on local potentials. Implications of our results concerning the charge symmetry and charge independence of the nuclear forces are discussed.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Simultaneous measurement of cross sections for pion production in pp recations at beam momenta of 805.2 MeV/c and 796.0 MeV/c with the TOF spectrometer at the COSY accelerator. / Simultane Bestimmung der Wirkungsquerschnitte von pionenproduzierenden pp-Reaktionen bei Strahlimpulsen von 805,2 MeV/c und 796,0 MeV/c mit dem TOF-Spektrometer am Beschleuniger COSY.

Simultaneous measurement of cross sections for pion production in pp recations at beam momenta of 805.2 MeV/c and 796.0 MeV/c with the TOF spectrometer at the COSY accelerator. / Simultane Bestimmung der Wirkungsquerschnitte von pionenproduzierenden pp-Reaktionen bei Strahlimpulsen von 805,2 MeV/c und 796,0 MeV/c mit dem TOF-Spektrometer am Beschleuniger COSY.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a pour sujet la mesure du seul mécanisme de production électrofaible de quark top qui n'ait pas encore été observé au collisionneur hadronique du CERN (LHC): la voie-s. L'intérêt réside dans la confirmation des prédictions du Modèle Standard, mais le but est aussi de contraindre plusieurs scénarios de nouvelle physique à partir de la combinaison de la section efficace voie-s avec celle des autres canaux de production single top, la voie-t et Wt. Après une introduction générale sur la physique du quark top et les dispositifs expérimentaux visant à la détection et la reconstruction des objets physiques, on présente deux analyses réalisées des données de collisions proton-proton enregistrées par le détecteur ATLAS `a une énergie dans le centre de masse de 7 et 8 TeV. Etant donné que la production de quark top en voie-s est caractérisée par une tr`es faible pureté et que, en même temps, elle est défavorisée au LHC puisque elle a lieu par annihilation quark-antiquark, une technique multi variée a été appliquée dans les deux cas afin de discriminer le signal. Pour l' étude à 7 TeV, relatif à une luminosité intégrée de 4.7 $fb^{-1}$, deux classificateurs basés sur des arbres de décision boostés sont entrainés contre les événements de bruits de fond principaux; une coupure appliquée sur un des discriminateurs met en oeuvre une sélection des événements, la distribution issue de l'autre discriminateur est ensuite employée dans un fit de maximum de vraisemblance. Cela permet de d'eriver une limite supérieure sur la section efficace voie-s de 21.5 pb (14.3 pb attendu), correspondant à une portée de 0.6 déviations standard (0.8 attendu). L'analyse à 8 TeV, qui est basée sur une luminosité intégrée de 20.3 $fb^{-1}$, repose sur une strat'egie plus simple: seulement un classificateur BDT est optimisé pour isoler le signal, après une préalable sélection des événements grâce `a de simples coupures. Sa distribution discriminante est ensuite ajustée aux données selon la même approche qu' `a 7 TeV, en considérant les incertitudes systématiques et statistiques pendant la génération de pseudo expériences. La portée de la mesure étant encore inférieure à trois déviations standard (1.5 $sigma$ observé et 1.4 attendu), seule une limite `a 95% C.L. peut être établie sur la section efficace; le résultat correspond `a 15.7 pb (7.9 pb attendu). / The work reported in this thesis is aimed at measuring with the ATLAS detector theonly mechanism of top quark electroweak production which has not yet been observedat the Large Hadron Collider: the s-channel. Its interest relies in the confirmationof the Standard Model predictions but, as well, in the possibility of constraining severalnew physics scenarios when comparing the s-channel cross section with the oneof the other single top production modes (the Wt and t-channel). After a generalintroduction upon top physics and the experimental setup employed for the detectionand the reconstruction of the physics objects, we present two analyses realizedwith proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS detector at a center of massenergy of 7 and 8 TeV. Since the s-channel production is characterized by a verylow purity and, at the same time, is not favoured at the LHC because it proceedsvia quark-antiquark annihilation, a multivariate approach is applied in both cases todiscriminate the signal. For the 7 TeV study, based on an integrated luminosity of4.7 fb−1, two boosted decision trees classifiers are optimized against the main sourcesof background; a cut realized on one of such discriminants implements a tight eventselection, after which the second output distribution is used for a maximum likelihoodfit to the data. This allows to set an upper limit on the s-channel cross section of21.5 pb (14.3 pb expected), corresponding to a significance of 0.6 standard deviations(0.8 expected). The 8 TeV analysis, based on an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1,has a simpler strategy: only one boosted decision trees classifier is trained to isolatesignal after a preliminary cut-based selection; its output distribution is then fitted tothe data with the same approach than at 7 TeV, taking into account the systematicand statistical uncertainty via the generation of pseudoexperiments. The significanceof the s-channel measurement being lower than 3 σ (1.3 standard deviation observed,1.4 expected), only a 95% C.L. limit can be set on the cross section; the result ishowever improved and corresponds to 14.6 pb (7.9 pb expected).3