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This thesis considers the changing social relations of tenure in Britain as state interventions increasingly sponsor home ownership as the norm for working-class family households. These intervention are highlighted through four case studies of low-cost ownership on Nearside, illustrating different facets of the extension of ownership. The early chapters discuss orthodox Marxist, Weberian and Feminist accounts of tenure, and indicate that the material and ideological realities associated with different tenure forms need to be placed in an historical context. Further, it is suggested that changes in tenure relations can best be understood by employing the idea of a housing cohort. This enables the analyst to explore tenure in the context of households' relationships to changing local housing and labour markets. It highlights the materiality of space and time in constraining tenure experience. The empirical chapters that follow explore working-class housing in Sunderland within this framework. After an historical account of the linkages between housing markets and labour markets in the area, two locales are examined in detail to reveal the changing patterns of tenure in the private sector in the early part of the twentieth century. This examination highlights the mutability of tenure forms within the private sector. The following four chapters report on survey work undertaken in order to explore the changing meanings of tenure as the drive to recommodification extended ownership to new kinds of households. The experience of different kinds of ownership (outright ownership, mortgage holding, equity sharing) in four different locales (ex-council estates, older terrace housing, new- build inner city locations, and a suburban new build scheme) enables comparisons to be made between the variable impacts of different kinds of marginal ownership on Wearside. The emerging contradictions in each of the four locales are outlined, and the interconnected nature of council tenancy and ownership stressed. Finally, an attempt is made to explore further the usefulness of a cohort analysis in understanding the restructuring of tenure relations.

This thesis investigates the relationships between systems of housing supply and production outcomes. Itis focussed on three European countries: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany. These countries have very different systems of land and housing supply, especially in respect of the role of governments. The research is primarily about the way these different systems function. It has been suggested that different systems can produce similar outcomes. This can happen since systems of supply may appear very different, but may in practice be structured in a similar way. The hypothesis and methodology of the research thesis is a response to the paradox. To understand the operation of systems of housing supply, however, requires an holistic approach, where the main facets of systems are not viewed in isolation. The methodology is based around both empirical investigation and rational models of structure. 'Structure' is a theme of the research which, although providing many conceptual challenges, nevertheless can be utilized to build frameworks against which trends in production outcomes may be referenced. The combination of empirical and rational approaches draws upon the contemporary research debate about the analysis of housing systems. The findings of the research, however. reject the assertion that very different systems can produce similar outcomes. Nevertheless, it is shown that systems which are significantly different have some outcomes in common. This is seen to be an interesting finding, particularly when structure paradigms are considered. The main conclusion is, however, that outcomes are not easily reconciled with the models of structure. The Netherlands and Germany, for example, exhibit systems of supply which are characterized by high levels of co-operation between agencies and a similar economic policy stance. However, housing production outcomes are shown to be more similar in Germany and the United Kingdom. Hence, whilst the research provides many useful ideas for policy makers, it advocates a greater emphasis on the particularistic nature of systems of housing supply. This inevitably leaves housing researchers with further conceptual and methodological challenges.

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