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The Parental Authority Questionnaire is a widely used measure of parenting style that assesses Baumrind’s parenting prototypes, including authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles. After the original validation on a sample of 108 high school students and 171 undergraduate students, few published studies have validated the factor structure of the Parental Authority Questionnaire across various regions, gender dyads, and ethnicities. Because research has shown that Southern states encompass characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic status, rural nature, lower education attainment, emphasis placed on religious beliefs) that may uniquely affect parenting styles and practices, the current study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis on the Parental Authority Questionnaire on 4,859 emerging adult college students attending a large Southern university to determine if such regional characteristics compromise the original factor structure of the Parental Authority Questionnaire. Further, given differences found in parenting across parent-child gender dyads and ethnicity, the current study also examined the factor structure of the Parental Authority Questionnaire across gender and ethnicity using confirmatory factor analyses.

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Yes / This research investigated how accurately people infer what others are thinking after observing a brief sample of their behaviour and whether culture/similarity is a relevant factor. Target participants (14 British and 14 Mediterraneans) were cued to think about either positive or negative events they had experienced. Subsequently, perceiver participants (16 British and 16 Mediterraneans) watched videos of the targets thinking about these things. Perceivers (both groups) were significantly accurate in judging when targets had been cued to think of something positive versus something negative, indicating notable inferential ability. Additionally, Mediterranean perceivers were better than British perceivers in making such inferences, irrespective of nationality of the targets, something that was statistically accounted for by corresponding group differences in levels of independently measured collectivism. The results point to the need for further research to investigate the possibility that being reared in a collectivist culture fosters ability in interpreting others’ behaviour. / The authors received no specific funding for this work other than from the University of Nottingham.