The Self-Report Inventory is a multidimensional measure of the self-concept. Development of this inventory has been guided by the theoretical writings of Epstein and a number of ego analytic writers and by an integration of previous self-concept research. The present inventory represents an at

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This work is a theoretical exploration of the functions and meanings of masochism across individuals with varying character pathology. Aspects of moral masochism are viewed from a psychoanalytic, object relations perspective. An historical overview of psychoanalytic writings on moral masochism is provided and advances in object relations theory are outlined, with emphasis on how the nature of one's early experiences can evolve into an internal sense of self in relation to others. From this perspective, the inner world of the moral masochist may be seen as featuring an ongoing tension between self/other as victim or aggressor. A theoretical construct of the victim-aggressor introject is introduced as a means of conceptualizing masochistic dynamics as they unfold in the treatment setting. As in-depth qualitative analysis of masochistic dynamics was obtained through a study of verbatim transcripts of the long-term psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapies of three patients with moral masochistic features. The cases are presented and discussed in terms of the functions and meaning of their masochistic features, particularly in the context of their specific character pathology (i.e.: borderline, narcissistic). Special emphasis is placed on how the victim-aggressor introject was externalized and manifested in the patient-therapist relationship. A central conclusion of this investigation is that masochism is a complex and multi-determined phenomenon, serving a variety of functions within and across individuals, and conforming to the unique structural organization and developmental level of the individual. Although the cases differ in terms of character pathology, certain commonalities are noted: (1) early object relationships were characterized by closeness in association with suffering; (2) there was significant emotional deprivation in childhood, such that the need for closeness was intense enough to warrant an acceptance of suffering along with it; (3) rageful and self-destructive affects co-existed and were split into polar dyads, with one affect being projected while the other was experienced internally.

The treatment effects of musical pitch and key are noticeably absent in music therapy research. The nature and patterns of the interaction between meridian energy and musical sound waves has received little or no attention in the music therapy literature and contemporary acupuncture literature. Forty-three acupuncture patients were treated with musical sound waves (329.6 Hz) on Earth points of major yin meridians when those points were clinically indicated as determined by Worsley-trained acupuncture practitioners. The musical sound wave was generated with a tuning fork, and each patient was tested and re-tested for matched-pair analysis of data. Three response categories--better, no change and worse--were compared with attention given to quantitative and qualitative differences as a function of age, CF, point, point function, meridian and the season in which treatments were received. Significant (p =.05) results indicate that treatment responses to the sound waves were not individually-specific. Significant results also indicated that therapeutic responses were more reliably accomplished on tonification points (IV$\sb3$, IX$\sb9$) and on XII$\sb3$ than they were on those points that are sedation points ($\rm I\sb7,\ V\sb7,\ VIII\sb3$). Trends in the results suggest that effectiveness of this pitch may be meridian-specific and point-specific. Trends in the data suggest that therapeutic responsivity was CF-specific with people having Water CFs showing more therapeutic response to treatment than people with other CFs. Trends suggest therapeutic response was possibly seasonally-specific with Late Summer therapeutic responses somewhat greater than those from treatments received in other seasons. Trends in the data also suggest that instrumental preferences may be used to diagnose principal energetic imbalance. Conclusions from the data are generalizable to include music of E major and E minor, but restricted to meridian energy interactions with 329.6 Hz. Findings relative to the musical sound equivalents of the Five Functional Voices in the Systems of Correspondence, the theoretical foundations of ancient Taoist medical theory, are promising. Trends in the data support the hypothesis that overtone frequency (E) 329.6 Hz is the contemporary equivalent to Kong if the fundamental is C$\sb2$.

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