<p>An important part in the design of analog integrated circuits is to create reference voltages and currents with well defined values. To accomplish this on-chip, so called bandgap reference circuits are commonly used. A typical application for reference voltages is in analog-to-digital conversion, where the input voltage is compared to several reference levels in order to determine the corresponding digital value. The emphasis in this thesis work lies on theoretical understanding of the performance limitations as well as the design of a bandgap reference circuit, BGR.</p><p>In this project, a comprehensive study of bandgap circuits is done in the first stage. Then investigations on parameter variations like Vdd, number of bipolars, W/L of PMOS, DC gain of Opamp, RL and CL are done for a PTAT current generator circuit. This PTAT current generator circuit is a part of the implemented BGR circuit based on [10], which is capable of producing an output reference voltage of 0.75 V when the supply voltage is 1 V. All of these circuits are implemented in a 0.35u CMOS technology.</p>

An important part in the design of analog integrated circuits is to create reference voltages and currents with well defined values. To accomplish this on-chip, so called bandgap reference circuits are commonly used. A typical application for reference voltages is in analog-to-digital conversion, where the input voltage is compared to several reference levels in order to determine the corresponding digital value. The emphasis in this thesis work lies on theoretical understanding of the performance limitations as well as the design of a bandgap reference circuit, BGR. In this project, a comprehensive study of bandgap circuits is done in the first stage. Then investigations on parameter variations like Vdd, number of bipolars, W/L of PMOS, DC gain of Opamp, RL and CL are done for a PTAT current generator circuit. This PTAT current generator circuit is a part of the implemented BGR circuit based on [10], which is capable of producing an output reference voltage of 0.75 V when the supply voltage is 1 V. All of these circuits are implemented in a 0.35u CMOS technology.