Bien qu’il ait prouvé son efficacité dans différentes espèces (lapin, porc, souris,…) ainsi que dans différents organes (rein, foie coeur, poumon,…), le Postconditionnement (PostC) peut être limité par plusieurs facteurs. Parmi les limites du Post C, on note la nécessité de son application à l’initiation de la reperfusion. L’objectif de notre travail était d’évaluer la protection induite par la Basse pression de reperfusion (BP) après un décalage temporel de son application et d’étudier les principales fonctions mitochondriales connues pour être impliquées dans la cardioprotection. Nos résultats nous ont permis de démontrer que, contrairement au PostC, la BP pouvait s’appliquer avec succès même après un décalage temporel de 10 minutes après le début de la reperfusion. Cette protection décalée est en lien avec les fonctions mitochondriales, en particulier, l’inhibition du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondriale (PTPm). L’utilisation de la cyclosporine A (CsA), puissant inhibiteur de l’ouverture du PTPm, permet également de décaler de 10 minutes la manœuvre de protection à la reperfusion dans le modèle de coeur isolé perfusé de rat. Le PostC, comme la BP, utilise deux sources de production de NO (NOS et Xanthine oxydase reductase) pour induire la cardioprotection. Ces résultats nous semblent importants dans le sens où ils proposent une nouvelle fenêtre thérapeutique pour combattre les dégâts liés à l’ischémie/reperfusion, la BP / Although its efficacy in various species (rabbit, pig, mouse,…) and various organs (kidney, liver heart, lung), Postconditioning (PostC) can be limited by many factors such as the necessity of its application in the initiation of the reperfusion. The objective of our work was to evaluate the protection by low pressure reperfusion (LPR) with delayed intervention at reperfusion and to study the mitochondrial functions which are known to be involved in the cardioprotection. Our results showed that, contrary to PostC, LPR can protect until 10 minutes of its delayed intervention at reperfusion. This delayed protection is in correlation with mitochondrial functions, particularly, inhibition of mitochondrial transition pore (PTPm). Cyclosporine, inhibitor of PTPm, has also shown protection until 10 minutes of delayed intervention, on isolated heart rat model. PostC, like LPR, use tow sources of prodution of NO (NOS and Xanthine oxydase reductase). These results seem, to us, very important because they propose LPR as a new therapeutic window to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury

Management of prawn trawling fisheries is a difficult task due to the competing interests of strongly motivated stakeholders and interest groups. This occurs because prawn trawling operations are technically complex, require large capital investments and exhibit high running costs while owners have limited property rights over the resources that they harvest. Prawn stocks are public resources and are managed with a view to provide maximum benefit to the broad community. Additionally their exploitation also involves the incidental capture of significant numbers of other animals of no commercial value (bycatch) and causes impacts on seabed morphologies, which are involved in many diverse ecosystem processes. At the policy level an intention to manage trawl fisheries in a comprehensive way is backed by a mandated approach that is designed to capture all of the above issues and interests. That approach is termed Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD). The work in this thesis is designed to produce a prediction tool for prawn trawling performance that is based on modelling the physical nature of prawn trawling activities. It is proposed that the resulting tool is essential for working to manage the multi-dimensional aspects of prawn trawling fisheries. Three discrete objectives for the thesis are; to expand and improve an existing Prawn Trawling Performance Model (PTPM) so that it is more accurate and relevant to a broader range of questions, to evaluate the capacity of the PTPM to predict the performance characteristics of real prawn trawling operations in terms of both engineering and catching performance and to investigate the problem space surrounding prawn trawl fisheries to identify and develop applications for the model. A rudimentary PTPM (Sterling 2000b) is expanded through the analysis of further empirical data collected for model and full-scale trawl gear. / ght area of improvement to the PTPM were considered and in all cases significant changes were made. The accuracy of the new form of the model is here tested by comparing performance predictions with measurements of trawling performance for a variety of industrial trawl systems operated in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery and also through comparing predicted trawling performance with prawn catches returned for trawlers operating in the Northern Prawn Fishery over the years 1970 to 2000. In the first case, errors in predicting swept area rate, considered an important performance parameter, were less than 5%. Fine scale issues were explored using the available sea mal data and a number of areas of concern within the model are highlighted. These relate to accurately quantifying the forces involved in the interaction of the trawl gear with the seabed and accurately accounting for the interaction between components within trawl systems. In the second case, the results suggest that between 50% and 60% of the variation in the seasonal catching performance of trawlers in the NPF is explained by predictions of swept area rate derived by the PTPM from the available data for that fishery. A comprehensive survey of applications for the PTPM is conducted in context with approaching the management of prawn trawling fisheries using the principles of ESD as defined by the National Strategy for ESD (1992). The Northern Prawn Fishery is used as a case study to explore in finer detail applications for the PTPM. Issues arising from the implementation of some of the applications are discussed.

Abstract The principal aim of a population-based cross-sectional survey was to generate information on the lifetime occurrence of prostatitis in Finnish men and their exposure to the disease, and also on the influence of prostatitis-related fears and disturbances on their sexual life. A second aim was to develop and clinically validate a new diagnostic tool for differential diagnosis between the forms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), especially between patients belonging to categories IIIA and IIIB in the new NIH (National Institutes of Health) clinical classification. Altogether 1832 men out of 2500 aged 20–59 years chosen randomly from the two most northerly provinces of Finland (Oulu and Lapland) participated in the epidemiological study, a response rate of 75%. The overall lifetime prevalence of prostatitis was 14.2%. The risk of having had the disease increased with age, being 1.7 times greater in the men aged 40–49 years than in those aged 20–39 years, and 3.1 times greater in those aged 50–59 years. More than a quarter of the 261 men who had or had had prostatitis symptoms (27%) suffered from them at least once a year, while 16% suffered from chronic prostatitis symptoms throughout the year. 63% of the men with prostatitis had their worst symptoms during the wintertime (November–march). 17% of the men with chronic prostatitis reported a constant fear of undetected prostate cancer. Erectile dysfunction was reported by 43% of the symptomatic men and decreased libido by 24%. Self-assessment of personality showed that the men with prostatitis were more often busy and nervous and had a meticulous attitude to life and problems than were the non-symptomatic men. 197 patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome participated in three clinical case-control studies during the years 1995–2000, at Oulu University Hospital, the District Hospital of Oulainen and Seinäjoki Central Hospital. The first prostatic tissue pressure measurement (PTPM) study included 34 patients and 9 controls. A novel method was developed to measure intraprostatic tissue pressure with a Stryker® intracompartmental pressure monitor. The PTPM showed a clear increase (p < 0.001) in the patients with symptoms of prostatitis and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) relative to the controls and the patients with BPE but without pain symptoms. The second PTPM study included 42 patients with chronic prostatitis symptoms without significant BPE and 12 new controls. Significantly higher pressure readings (p < 0.001) were recorded at all three measurement points in the patients than in the controls. 48 new patients and 12 new controls were enrolled for the third PTPM study, the purpose of which was to confirm the results of the previous ones and to compare the prostatic tissue pressures of two clinical groups (IIIA and IIIB). The prostatic tissue pressure was again significantly higher in the patients with chronic prostatitis symptoms than in the controls (p < 0.001). An interesting finding was that prostatitis patients belonging to clinical category IIIA had significantly higher tissue pressures (p < 0.01) than those in category IIIB, probably reflecting more severe inflammation in the prostatic tissue. This new PTPM method provides a more precise and/or exact tool for differential diagnosis between the forms of pelvic pain and CP/CPPS.