Good reliability of the encapsulation system of Photovoltaic (PV) modules is crucial to ensure the long-term performance of PV modules. A carefully controlled lamination process is required to produce a reliable encapsulation system. To date, the influences of different lamination conditions on the reliability of the encapsulation system are poorly understood. To predict the performance of the encapsulation system, the correlation of the reliability of the encapsulation system with various stress levels is required, which is poorly developed. This thesis improves the understanding of these issues by investigating the correlation of different lamination conditions with the reliability of the encapsulation system and the degradation of adhesion strength under variable damp-heat conditions. The influence of the curing temperature and curing time on the long-term reliability of the encapsulation system is investigated from various viewpoints such as curing level of EVA, chemical and optical stability of EVA and adhesion strength within the encapsulation system. The correlation of curing level and lamination quality has been identified. The effects of over-curing are demonstrated. Results show that the chemical stability, optical stability and the adhesion strength between encapsulant and backsheet increases with the increasing curing level. However, the best long-term adhesion performance at the glass-encapsulant interface is obtained at lower gel content. Too high curing can cause problems of bubble generation, discoloration and unstable interfaces. Among those identified degradation phenomena, interfacial adhesion strength demonstrates the fastest and the largest degradation. The reliability of the adhesion strength is further examined under different stress levels. Among different environmental stress factors, moisture is considered to cause the greatest problems of adhesive interfacial stability. Therefore, the adhesion strength is investigated under different damp-heat conditions. A methodology is developed that can be used to model the adhesion degradation induced by moisture at different humidity and temperature conditions. To do so, a stress model is established which enables quantitative description of the moisture related stresses on PV modules. Based on this model, an exponential correlation is established between the adhesion strength and the humidity and temperature levels. This enables the comparison of adhesion strength of PV modules operating at different humid environments.

abstract: This study evaluates two photovoltaic (PV) power plants based on electrical performance measurements, diode checks, visual inspections and infrared scanning. The purpose of this study is to measure degradation rates of performance parameters (Pmax, Isc, Voc, Vmax, Imax and FF) and to identify the failure modes in a "hot-dry desert" climatic condition along with quantitative determination of safety failure rates and reliability failure rates. The data obtained from this study can be used by module manufacturers in determining the warranty limits of their modules and also by banks, investors, project developers and users in determining appropriate financing or decommissioning models. In addition, the data obtained in this study will be helpful in selecting appropriate accelerated stress tests which would replicate the field failures for the new modules and would predict the lifetime for new PV modules. The study was conducted at two, single axis tracking monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) power plants, Site 3 and Site 4c of Salt River Project (SRP). The Site 3 power plant is located in Glendale, Arizona and the Site 4c power plant is located in Mesa, Arizona both considered a "hot-dry" field condition. The Site 3 power plant has 2,352 modules (named as Model-G) which was rated at 250 kW DC output. The mean and median degradation of these 12 years old modules are 0.95%/year and 0.96%/year, respectively. The major cause of degradation found in Site 3 is due to high series resistance (potentially due to solder-bond thermo-mechanical fatigue) and the failure mode is ribbon-ribbon solder bond failure/breakage. The Site 4c power plant has 1,280 modules (named as Model-H) which provide 243 kW DC output. The mean and median degradation of these 4 years old modules are 0.96%/year and 1%/year, respectively. At Site 4c, practically, none of the module failures are observed. The average soiling loss is 6.9% in Site 3 and 5.5% in Site 4c. The difference in soiling level is attributed to the rural and urban surroundings of these two power plants. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Engineering 2013

Natural disasters and conflicts in many different parts of the world force thousands of people to get displaced from their homes and live in refugee camps temporarily or permanently. For refugee families, lack of energy access has great impact on their lives. Tarpon Solar Company has developed a solar tent which is a combination of laminated cloth and flexible solar cells. In addition to producing renewable electricity, it can create a comfortable outdoor shelter from sun, rain and wind.   The aims of this study were to define and size the solar system of the tent in both AC and DC systems and optimize the tent to work in different locations around the world. Besides designing a monitoring system for the solar tent to evaluate the performance. In addition, defining the social aspect and the consumer behavior for a better solar tent future design. As a case study, Tarpon AC solar tent in Glava, Sweden has been installed to cover the basic needs of the tent users. To understand the solar tent performance in different weather zones, 4 different locations were suggested. A monitor system was designed to monitor the tent solar system performance. The simulation software PVsyst was used to size the PV system in the different locations with different solar data.   The PVsyst simulation results showed that the current Tarpon solar tent with 32 photovoltaic modules is extremely oversized to cover the basic needs loads (Lighting, mobile charging and ventilation) in the emergency cases.   The current Tarpon solar tent has a standard number of photovoltaic modules integrated in the tent fabric while the photovoltaic modules number should vary from one location to another according to the weather data and solar irradiation. In this case the current Tarpon solar system used in Glava, Sweden can be optimized by decreasing the number of photovoltaic modules to only 6 photovoltaic modules instead of 32 modules.   The study also shows that the features of the off-grid system components (battery and charge controller) are different from one location to another according to the criteria of selection.   This study concludes that for the temporary short-term emergency use of the tent where only basic needs loads are needed, DC system is better than AC system in terms of energy efficiency, system size and cost in the different proposed locations. While AC system is better when using the tent for prolonged time in terms of user flexibility and ability to extend the system. Understanding the consumer behavior and the goal of the tent whether to be used for an emergency short term shelter or a permanent shelter for a prolonged time are important factors for a better solar tent design.

abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment has grown at unprecedented rates since the early 2000s. As the global PV market increases, so will the volume of decommissioned PV panels. Growing PV panel waste presents a new environmental challenge, but also unprecedented opportunities to create value and pursue new economic avenues. Currently, in the United States, there are no regulations for governing the recycling of solar panels and the recycling process varies by the manufacturer. To bring in PV specific recycling regulations, whether the PV panels are toxic to the landfills, is to be determined. Per existing EPA regulations, PV panels are categorized as general waste and are subjected to a toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP) to determine if it contains any toxic metals that can possibly leach into the landfill. In this thesis, a standardized procedure is developed for extracting samples from an end of life PV module. A literature review of the existing regulations in Europe and other countries is done. The sample extraction procedure is tested on a crystalline Si module to validate the method. The extracted samples are sent to an independent TCLP testing lab and the results are obtained. Image processing technique developed at ASU PRL is used to detect the particle size in a broken module and the size of samples sent is confirmed to follow the regulation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2017

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The IxV curves tracers for PV modules are used as a method of diagnosis of problems such as shadowing, faulty connections and degradation conditions. There are several types and brands tracers commercially available, but their costs are quite high in the Brazilian market due to the need to import. This thesis describes the development and validation of a IxV curve tracer for PV modules based on the electronic load method using MOSFET as load to the module. By appropriate variation of the MOSFET gate-source voltage signal was possible to acquire the points of voltage and current of the PV modules terminals. These points were recorded using a data acquisition board with PIC18F2550, which is controlled by a computer via a USB with a graphical interface to the user. This interface was developed in MATLAB software ensuring greater flexibility and functionality to the device. For PV module temperature measurements PT100 sensors were used and measurements of solar irradiance was used a pyranometer LP02 model Hukseflux Thermal Sensor manufacturer, these sensors were connected to a supervisory system consists of a PC and a programmable logic controller (PLC). The validation process was conducted by comparing the electrical parameters provided by the developed tracer and the commercial tracer MINI-KLA. From this comparison an error was generated for each parameter. Three PV modules of different electrical characteristics (20 Wp, 87 Wp e 160 Wp) were used and there was similarity between the curves of the developed tracer with the curves of the commercial tracer. The average of errors of the electrical parameters for the 3 PV modules was less than 5% at no shading conditions. In two conditions of shading, the IxV curves provided by the two tracers for the KC 85 T PV module were compared and it was observed in the first situation that the MINI-KLA tracer could characterize only partially the curve while the tracer developed could characterize the curve fully, in the second situation there was great similarity between the curves of the two tracers with maximum percentage difference in the electrical parameters equal to 5.41%. / Os traÃadores de curva IxV para mÃdulos FV sÃo utilizados como um mÃtodo de diagnÃstico de problemas como sombreamento, conexÃes defeituosas e condiÃÃes de degradaÃÃo. Existem diversos tipos e marcas de traÃadores disponibilizados comercialmente, mas seus custos sÃo bastante elevados no mercado brasileiro devido à necessidade de importaÃÃo. A presente dissertaÃÃo aborda o desenvolvimento e a validaÃÃo de um traÃador de curva IxV para mÃdulos FV baseado no mÃtodo de carga eletrÃnica com uso de MOSFET como carga para o mÃdulo. AtravÃs da adequada variaÃÃo do sinal de tensÃo de gate-source do MOSFET foi possÃvel adquirir os pontos de tensÃo e corrente nos terminais dos mÃdulos FV. Estes pontos foram registrados atravÃs de uma placa de aquisiÃÃo de dados, com PIC18F2550, que à controlada via USB por um computador com uma interface grÃfica para usuÃrio. Esta interface foi desenvolvida com o software MATLAB, garantindo maior flexibilidade e funcionalidade ao dispositivo. Para mediÃÃes da temperatura do mÃdulo FV foram utilizados sensores PT100 e para as mediÃÃes de irradiÃncia solar foi utilizado um piranÃmetro modelo LP02 do fabricante Hukseflux Thermal Sensor; estes sensores foram utilizados atravÃs de um sistema supervisÃrio composto por um PC e um controlador lÃgico programÃvel (CLP). O processo de validaÃÃo foi realizado atravÃs da comparaÃÃo dos parÃmetros elÃtricos fornecidos pelo traÃador desenvolvido e pelo traÃador comercial MINI-KLA. A partir desta comparaÃÃo um erro foi gerado para cada parÃmetro. Foram utilizados 3 mÃdulos FV de diferentes caracterÃsticas elÃtricas (20 Wp, 87 Wp e 160 Wp) e observou-se proximidade entre as curvas do traÃador desenvolvido com as curvas do traÃador comercial. A mÃdia dos erros para os 3 mÃdulos relativa aos parÃmetros elÃtricos obtidos com os 2 traÃadores foi inferior a 5% em condiÃÃes sem sombreamento. Em duas condiÃÃes de sombreamento, as curvas IxV fornecidas pelos dois traÃadores relativas ao mÃdulo FV KC 85 T foram comparadas e observou-se na primeira situaÃÃo que o traÃador MINI-KLA conseguiu caracterizar apenas parcialmente a curva enquanto que o traÃador desenvolvido conseguiu caracterizar a curva totalmente, na segunda situaÃÃo observou-se grande proximidade entre as curvas dos dois traÃadores com diferenÃa percentual mÃxima nos parÃmetros elÃtricos igual a 5,41%.

This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

abstract: The volume of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules is increasing as the global PV market increases, and the global PV waste streams are expected to reach 250,000 metric tons by the end of 2020. If the recycling processes are not in place, there would be 60 million tons of end-of-life PV modules lying in the landfills by 2050, that may not become a not-so-sustainable way of sourcing energy since all PV modules could contain certain amount of toxic substances. Currently in the United States, PV modules are categorized as general waste and can be disposed in landfills. However, potential leaching of toxic chemicals and materials, if any, from broken end-of-life modules may pose health or environmental risks. There is no standard procedure to remove samples from PV modules for chemical toxicity testing in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) laboratories as per EPA 1311 standard. The main objective of this thesis is to develop an unbiased sampling approach for the TCLP testing of PV modules. The TCLP testing was concentrated only for the laminate part of the modules, as they are already existing recycling technologies for the frame and junction box components of PV modules. Four different sample removal methods have been applied to the laminates of five different module manufacturers: coring approach, cell-cut approach, strip-cut approach, and hybrid approach. These removed samples were sent to two different TCLP laboratories, and TCLP results were tested for repeatability within a lab and reproducibility between the labs. The pros and cons of each sample removal method have been explored and the influence of sample removal methods on the variability of TCLP results has been discussed. To reduce the variability of TCLP results to an acceptable level, additional improvements in the coring approach, the best of the four tested options, are still needed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2018

abstract: Stress-related failure such as cracking are an important photovoltaic (PV) reliability issue since it accounts for a high percentage of power losses in the midlife-failure and wear-out failure regimes. Cell cracking can only be correlated with module degradation when cracks are of detectable size and detrimental to the performance. Several techniques have been explored to access the deflection and stress status on solar cell, but they have disadvantages such as high surface sensitivity. This dissertation presents a new and non-destructive method for mapping the deflection on encapsulated solar cells using X-ray topography (XRT). This method is based on Bragg diffraction imaging, where only the areas that meet diffraction conditions will present contrast. By taking XRT images of the solar cell at various sample positions and applying an in-house developed algorithm framework, the cell‘s deflection map is obtained. Error analysis has demonstrated that the errors from the experiment and the data processing are below 4.4 and 3.3%. Von Karman plate theory has been applied to access the stress state of the solar cells. Under the assumptions that the samples experience pure bending and plain stress conditions, the principal stresses are obtained from the cell deflection data. Results from a statistical analysis using a Weibull distribution suggest that 0.1% of the data points can contribute to critical failure. Both the soldering and lamination processes put large amounts of stress on solar cells. Even though glass/glass packaging symmetry is preferred over glass/backsheet, the solar cells inside the glass/glass packaging experience significantly more stress. Through a series of in-situ four-point bending test, the assumptions behind Von Karman theory are validated for cases where the neutral plane is displaced by the tensile and compressive stresses. The deflection and stress mapping method is applied to two next generation PV concepts named Flex-circuit and PVMirror. The Flex-circuit module concept replaces traditional metal ribbons with Al foils for electrical contact and PVMirror concept utilizes a curved PV module design with a dichroic film for thermal storage and electrical output. The XRT framework proposed in this dissertation successfully characterized the impact of various novel interconnection and packaging solutions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2019

For a PV plant it is of fundamental importance that the operation of the PV modules is free from faults or at least that the faults can be detected early, to ensure efficient electricity production. Some defects such as cracks can be seen in visible light while microcracks and damage to the silicon material can only be seen through special lighting. This study focuses on the most common defects in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Compare the infrared (IR) technology with the new ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence image technique for PV characterization, based on their accuracy and uncertainty factors under an experimental field investigation. In this study, first a literature study was conducted to the most common defects in PV system and their impact on electricity generation. Then a simulation model of a PV system was created in PVsyst and exported to Microsoft Excel which was used to evaluate how different defects at different stages of the PV cell's life cycle impact electricity generation, performance parameters and economic exchange. Furthermore, experiments with UV and IR was implemented at a PV system located in Dalarna and some PV modules at MDH. It was conducted that occurrence of snail tracks, delamination and hot spots in combination with bypass failures and non-functioning cell will affect the economic profitability in the long run and the payback time will increase since their impacts on electricity generation and performance parameters are huge. The worst case is when PV modules are affected by the fault in bypass diode and non-functioning cell which result to a payback time longer than the module's lifetime and huge amount electricity losses in different bypass diodes configurations. Since UV and IR are two different methods that are performed in two different ways, different errors occurred during the measurements. The biggest external factor was the weather that determined if the experiment could be implemented. The IR method gave decent results and was quicker to use, but the UV method highlighted some defect which could not be seen with the IR technology.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αναφέρεται σε οικιακά Φ/Β συστήματα συνδεδεμένα στο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης, τα οποία αξιοποιούν την τεχνολογία των Φ/Β Πλαισίων Εναλλασσομένου Ρεύματος (Φ/Β Πλαίσια Ε.Ρ. – AC-PV Modules). Πρόκειται για Φ/Β διατάξεις μικρής ισχύος (έως 300W), οι οποίες δημιουργούνται από την ενσωμάτωση ενός μόνο Φ/Β πλαισίου και ενός μετατροπέα (ενός η πολλών σταδίων) συνεχούς τάσης σε μονοφασική εναλλασσόμενη τάση, σε μια αυτοτελή ηλεκτρονική διάταξη. Για το λόγο αυτό ονομάζονται και Φ/Β πλαίσια με ενσωματωμένο μετατροπέα (Module Integrated Converters, MIC). Στα συστήματα αυτά οι απαιτήσεις για επίτευξη υψηλού βαθμού απόδοσης, για την καλύτερη εκμετάλλευση της παρεχόμενης ηλιακής ενέργειας, καθώς και ρεύματος ημιτονοειδούς μορφής στην έξοδο είναι αδιαμφισβήτητες. Βασικός σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η συμβολή της στον τομέα των Φ/Β μονάδων διεσπαρμένης παραγωγής και επικεντρώνεται στην ενδελεχή ανάλυση, στη βελτιστοποίηση της λειτουργικής συμπεριφοράς, στον υπολογισμό των απωλειών στα στοιχεία του μετατροπέα, στην παραμετροποίηση και τελικά στο βέλτιστο σχεδιασμό ενός αντιστροφέα ρεύματος τύπου Flybcak (Flyback Current Source Inverter – Flyback CSI). Οι κύριοι στόχοι που έπρεπε να εκπληρωθούν για την ολοκλήρωση της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν:  Η ενδελεχής ανάλυση της λειτουργίας του αντιστροφέα για δύο διαφορετικές στρατηγικές ελέγχου που εφαρμόζονται σε αυτόν.  Ο κατά το δυνατόν ακριβέστερος υπολογισμός των απωλειών στα στοιχεία του Flyback CSI, καθώς και η παραμετροποίηση των σχέσεων αυτών.  Ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός του Flyback CSI, ο οποίος βασίζεται στη διατύπωση της μεγιστοποίησης του σταθμισμένου βαθμού απόδοσης ως πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης.  Η υλοποίηση του ελέγχου της λειτουργίας του μετατροπέα μέσω ψηφιακού μικροελεγκτή, καταργώντας τον ήδη υφιστάμενο αναλογικό έλεγχο. Αρχικά η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται σε μία πρώτη τεχνική ελέγχου, η οποία ωθεί τον μετατροπέα να λειτουργεί στην περιοχή της ασυνεχούς αγωγής (Discontinuous Conduction Mode, DCM). Στη συνέχεια προτείνεται μία δεύτερη τεχνική ελέγχου η οποία, αφ' ενός μεν αναγκάζει το μετατροπέα να λειτουργεί στο όριο συνεχούς και ασυνεχούς αγωγής (Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction Mode, BCM), αφ' ετέρου δε παρέχει καθαρά ημιτονοειδές ρεύμα στην έξοδο. Με την προτεινόμενη νέα τεχνική ελέγχου, που ονομάσθηκε i-BCM (improved BCM) και αποτελεί βελτίωση της υπάρχουσας στη βιβλιογραφία τεχνικής ελέγχου BCM, βελτιώνεται σημαντικά ο συντελεστής ισχύος στην έξοδο του αντιστροφέα, παρέχοντας στο δίκτυο καθαρά ημιτονοειδές ρεύμα. Οι δύο διαφορετικές στρατηγικές ελέγχου διαμορφώνουν διαφορετικές κυκλωματικές συνθήκες. Για τις δύο περιπτώσεις αναπτύσσονται αναλυτικές εκφράσεις τόσο για τη μέση, όσο και για την ενεργό τιμή των ρευμάτων που διαρρέουν όλα τα στοιχεία του μετατροπέα (ημιαγωγικά στοιχεία, Μ/Σ κλπ). Επιπρόσθετα, εξάγονται κριτήρια για τα ασφαλή όρια λειτουργίας του μετατροπέα με γνώμονα την καταπόνηση των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων ισχύος από υψηλές τιμές τάσης και ρεύματος. Ιδιαίτερο βάρος δίνεται στον υπολογισμό της διακύμανσης της τάσης του πυκνωτή του φίλτρου εξόδου, η οποία αναπτύσσεται και πάνω στα ημιαγωγικά στοιχεία του μετατροπέα, επηρεάζοντας την επιλογή τους. Στην συνέχεια, προσδιορίζονται μέσω αναλυτικών μαθηματικών σχέσεων οι απώλειες αγωγής και οι διακοπτικές απώλειες των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων και προσεγγίζονται, με ιδιαίτερη λεπτομέρεια, οι απώλειες του μετασχηματιστή (τυλιγμάτων και πυρήνα) και για τις δύο προαναφερθείσες στρατηγικές ελέγχου, δεδομένου ότι η διακοπτική συχνότητα λειτουργίας του μετατροπέα είναι υψηλή. Για το λόγο αυτό απαιτείται εις βάθος μελέτη της υπάρχουσας βιβλιογραφίας, επιλογή ή επινόηση των κατάλληλων μοντέλων απωλειών σε ένα Μ/Σ (πυρήνα και χαλκού) και προσήκουσα προσαρμογή αυτών στις κυκλωματικές συνθήκες του αντιστροφέα Flyback. Παράλληλα με την ανάλυση των απωλειών πραγματοποιείται και η παραμετροποίηση του συστήματος. Η διαδικασία αυτή στηρίζεται στη διαχείριση των εξισώσεων κατά τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να προσδιορίζονται όλες οι μεταβλητές και οι σταθερές του μετατροπέα, καθώς και οι παράμετροι από τις οποίες εξαρτώνται οι απώλειες, με τον απλούστερο δυνατό τρόπο. Συνεπώς, έχει δοθεί ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην διαχείριση των αναλυτικών σχέσεων ώστε οι απώλειες, χωρίς έκπτωση στην ακρίβεια, να εξαρτώνται από τον ελάχιστο δυνατό αριθμό παραμέτρων. Με αυτό τον τρόπο η μελέτη είναι πλήρης αλλά περιορίζεται η πολυπλοκότητα, με αποτέλεσμα να προκύπτουν μόνο τέσσερις ανεξάρτητες σχεδιαστικές μεταβλητές. Στο επόμενο στάδιο, πραγματοποιείται ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός του Flyback CSI, ο οποίος βασίζεται στη διατύπωση της μεγιστοποίησης του σταθμισμένου βαθμού απόδοσης ως πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης. Αυτό, πρακτικά, σημαίνει τον προσδιορισμό της αντικειμενικής συνάρτησης (objective ή cost function), των σχεδιαστικών μεταβλητών και σταθερών, των περιοριστικών συνθηκών και τον ορισμό του πεδίου τιμών αυτών. Ο σταθμισμένος βαθμός απόδοσης αποτελεί την αντικειμενική συνάρτηση, ενώ οι προδιαγραφές εισόδου και εξόδου του μετατροπέα αποτελούν τις σχεδιαστικές σταθερές.. Με τη χρήση μίας στοχαστικής μεθόδου βελτιστοποίησης, η οποία αναδείχτηκε ως η πιο κατάλληλη έπειτα από εκτεταμένη βιβλιογραφική αναζήτηση, προσδιορίζονται οι τιμές των τεσσάρων σχεδιαστικών μεταβλητών και επιτυγχάνεται ο μέγιστος δυνατός σταθμισμένος βαθμός απόδοσης. Η επίτευξη του στόχου ολοκληρώνεται με την ανάπτυξη ενός νέου επαναληπτικού αλγορίθμου, με τον οποίο, βάσει των εξισώσεων των απωλειών, επιτυγχάνεται ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός του Flyback CSI και για τις δύο διαφορετικές τεχνικές ελέγχου. Επιπροσθέτως, υλοποιείται ο έλεγχος της λειτουργίας του μετατροπέα μέσω ψηφιακού μικροελεγκτή, καταργώντας τον ήδη υφιστάμενο αναλογικό έλεγχο. Η αλλαγή της φιλοσοφίας υλοποίησης του ελέγχου προσφέρει μεγαλύτερη ευελιξία και ανεξάντλητες δυνατότητες στην κατάστρωση και υιοθέτηση διαφορετικών στρατηγικών ελέγχου. Ιδιαίτερα, κατά τη λειτουργία στο όριο μεταξύ συνεχούς και ασυνεχούς αγωγής (i-BCM), με κατάλληλο προγραμματισμό του μικροελεγκτή εξαλείφεται η ανάγκη για μέτρηση των ρευμάτων στα τυλίγματα του μετασχηματιστή. Ο μικροελεγκτής που χρησιμοποιείται είναι ο dspic30F4011 της εταιρείας Microchip ο οποίος διαθέτει μεγάλη υπολογιστική ικανότητα και μία πληθώρα περιφερειακών που επιτρέπουν αυτοματοποίηση κάποιων λειτουργιών, όπως η διαδικασία σύνδεσης και αποσύνδεσης με το δίκτυο και η δυνατότητα ενσωμάτωσης της μονάδας ανίχνευσης του μέγιστου σημείου ισχύος (M.P.P.T) της Φ/Β γεννήτριας στην ίδια ψηφιακή μονάδα. Τέλος, υλοποιήθηκαν εργαστηριακά πρωτότυπα με βάση τις βέλτιστες παραμέτρους που υπολογίσθηκαν σε κάθε περίπτωση σύμφωνα την προτεινόμενη μέθοδο βελτιστοποίησης και ακολούθησε πειραματική επιβεβαίωση με χρήση ενός αναλυτή ισχύος υψηλής ακρίβειας, για την επιβεβαίωση των θεωρητικών προσεγγίσεων. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η ευεργετική επίδραση της συνδυαστικής χρήσης των δύο τεχνικών ελέγχου στην πυκνότητα ισχύος / This thesis pertains to domestic on-grid PV systems that utilize the AC-PV Modules technology. These low power PV topologies (up to 300W) are implemented by integrating one PV Module and a single phase inverter (one or multi stage), in one independent electronic apparatus. For this reason they are called Module Integrated Converters (MIC). The most important requirements for these systems are the higher possible efficiency - in order to take advantage of the supplied solar energy – and the pure sinusoidal output current. The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the field of the dispersed PV power generation. Thus, it focuses on the thorough analysis, the behaviour optimization, the components losses estimation, the parameterization and finally the optimal design of Flyback current source inverter (Flyback CSI). The main objectives fulfilled in this thesis are: • The detailed analysis of the inverter behaviour for two different semiconductor control strategies. • The precise losses calculation of all the components of the Flyback CSI. • The optimal design of the Flyback CSI, which is based on maximizing the weighted efficiency. • The implementation of the semiconductor control via a digital microcontroller, eliminating the existing analogue control. Initially, the study focuses on a first control technique that forces the inverter to function in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). On the other hand, a second control technique that forces the inverter to function on the Boundary between Continuous and Discontinuous Mode (BCM) is proposed. This new control technique is named i-BCM (improved BCM) and it is an improved version of the BCM control technique found in the literature. This new control scheme significantly improves the power factor of the inverter output. The inverter injects pure sinusoidal current to the grid. The two different control strategies form different circuit conditions. Analytical expressions for the average and the rms value of the current, flowing through the components (semiconductors, transformers e.t.c), for both cases are developed. In addition, new operating boundaries of the semiconductors for the safe operation of the inverter based on the analysis of the voltage and current that stresses the semiconductors, are proposed. Special attention is given on the calculation of the voltage deviation on the output filter capacitor. This voltage deviation is caused by the switching operation of the inverter and affects the selection of the semiconductors and the voltage level that can handle. Furthermore, the conduction losses and the switching losses of the semiconductors are determined through analytical, mathematical equations. Because of the inverter high switching frequency, the transformer losses (copper and core), are calculated with special attention to detail. For this reason, an in depth examination of the existing literature takes place that leads to the selection of the appropriate core and copper loss models. The models are adequately adjusted to the circuit conditions of the Flyback inverter topology. The system is parameterized along with the losses analysis. All the equations are manipulated in such a way that simplifies the determination of all the variables and all the constants of the inverter and the loss dependent parameters. Consequently, special emphasis is given to the manipulation of the analytical equations, without affecting the accuracy, in order to express the losses using the minimum number of independent variables. Therefore, the study is complete but the complexity is eliminated and the independent design variables are only four. The optimization problem is the maximization of the weighted efficiency. The optimal design of the Flyback CSI is implemented based on this formulation. As a next step, the objective (or cost) function, the design variables and constants, the constraints and their range need to be defined. The weighted efficiency is the objective function whereas the input and the output specifications of the inverter are the design constants. After an extensive literature research, a stochastic optimization method is chosen as the most appropriate to determine the values of the four design variables in order to achieve the highest weighted efficiency. A new iterative algorithm, which uses the losses equations, is developed to achieve the optimal design of the Flyback CSI for both control strategies. Moreover, the control of the inverter is implemented via a digital microcontroller, eliminating the existing analogue control. This changes the way of controlling the inverter and offers flexibility and limitless possibilities in implementing and adopting various control strategies. Specifically, under the i-BCM control scheme, the need for measuring the current of the transformer windings is eliminated by using an appropriate algorithm. The microcontroller used in this research is dspic30F4011 developed by Microchip. Its good computational capacity and the variety of peripherals enable the automation of some functions such as connection and disconnection from the grid and the integration of the maximum power point tracking (M.P.P.T.) on the same digital unit. Finally, laboratory prototypes are implemented, based on the optimal parameters calculated for every case, using the proposed optimization method. The experimental procedure confirmed the theoretical approximations. A high precision power analyser was used. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of the combined use of the two control power techniques on the power density is also studied.