Thesis (doctoral)--Grossherzogliche Rupprecht-Karls-Universität zu Heidelberg, 1902. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-75).

Graduation date: 1963

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-92). / x, 92 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm

Using a linear quasi-geostrophic model of large scale spiraling flow and vertical density gradient in the eastern North Pacific, we evaluate the complex dispersion relationships for quasi-geostrophic waves. Our calculations indicate that the geostrophic circulation of the eastern North Pacific can locally convert potential energy to mesoscale kinetic energy on a scale comparable to the observed space and time scale and should be a source of eddy energy, distant from the eddies spawned by the Kuroshio and near the topographic features. But the local growth rates by linear stability analysis do not relate to the observed features of eddy kinetic energy in the eastern ocean; eddy kinetic energy increases to the south and has a maximum in the subtropical region. The non-linear baroclinic instability is analyzed using a three-layer quasi-geostrophic numerical model. Three experiments with different idealized initial mean flow are performed. Local energetics are calculated to highlight the difference between the southward return flow and westward return flow regions. It is found that the boundary flux of mean to eddy kinetic energy conversion is the main differences between two regions: it is large in the westward return flow region but is small in the southward return flow region. Two waves with different characteristics are found: the short waves (periods of 120 days), that propagate to the west and form several wave trains parallel to the southern boundary, and the long waves (periods of 200 days), that propagate to the south-west. These two waves are remarkably similar to the measurements of open ocean eddies at 28°N and 152°W. It is shown that there are high eddy activities in the southward return flow regions by influxes of eddies from other areas, but the southward return flow region is vacant in eddies by outflows of the westward and south-westward propagating waves. / Graduation date: 1987

Measurements of temperature and salinity in the upper 5 m of the ocean along the equator showed cool fresh anomalies due to rain showers. The measurements were made between 140 W and 110 W during April 1987, an El Nino year. The eastern equatorial Pacific was characterized by weak winds (3 m/s average), high rainfall (1.6 cm/day), and warm surface temperatures (28.4 C). Measurements of temperature were made from a catamaran float at 0.5 and 1 m depth and at 5 m depth from the ship. Salinity was measured at a depth of 1 m from the float and 5 m from the ship. The float was towed off of the port side of the ship outside of the bow wake. Near-surface low temperature and low salinity anomalies due to cool rainfall were encountered. These anomalies were on average cool and fresh by 0.02 C and 0.2 PSTJ with maximum values of 0.5 C and 1.6 PSU. The horizontal extent of the anomalies ranged from less than 10 to more than 100 km. Rainfall depths estimated from salt conservation agreed roughly with shipboard rain-gauge measurements. The characteristic lifetime of the anomalies, estimated from the ratio of the average rain depth to average rain rate, was about 10 hrs. Rainfall temperatures were computed from the T-S mixing curves for three large, newly-formed anomalies. The average rainfall temperature was 21 C. Ocean buoyancy fluxes estimated for intense rain showers were an order of magnitude larger than the fluxes in the absence of rain. / Graduation date: 1992 / Best scan available for p.15-16, 35. Original is a black and white photocopy.

Major and trace element analyses were made on biogenic carbonate, silica, and fish debris and on authigenic philhipsite, micronodules, and yellow and brown aggregates recovered from Bauer and Roggeveen Basin metalliferous sediments. Phase components and the bulk samples were analyzed by INAA and MS methods. Leachates and residues from ammonium oxalate and mild HC1 leaches of bulk and fine sediment fractions were also analyzed. The mild acid leach removed fish debris and carbonate, and the oxalate leach dissolved the micronodule phase. Sediments of the Bauer and Roggeveen Basins differ in bulk composition, yet respond to various chemical treatments in similar manner. I interpret this as indicative of a close similarity in the mineralogy of these two areas. An iron-rich smectite, manganese micronodules, and fish debris dominate the sediment compositions of both basins. The smectite phase concentrates Fe, Si, and Al. Manganese, Co, Ni, Ce, and W are concentrated in the micronodule phase and Ca, Sc, and the lanthanides predominantly in the fish debris component. The trace elements Cu, Zn, As, and Sb are distributed in a complex manner among the three principal phases. Barium, and some Al and Fe, may be present in small quantities of barite, feldspars, and goethite, respectively. Silica, carbonate, and phillipsite phases exist in. such low concentrations that they do not contribute significantly to the bulk composition of the sediments. The response of the various size fractions leached indicates a uniformity of distribution of sediment components from the coarse to the fine fractions. / Graduation date: 1978

No description available.

Graduation date: 1983

Graduation date: 1982

Graduation date: 1968