Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. 5 maps in pocket. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-34).

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).

The primary aim of this study is to provide a cogent description and explanation of change in rural settlement between circa 1 ,500BC and AD 1845 for an area centred on Mynydd Cam Ingli, Pembrokeshire. Using a range of data sources, it evaluates the capability and validity of applying new methods and techniques offered by geographical information systems (GIS) to realise this aim and explore its potential for extending the agenda of possible archaeological and historical enquiry. Recently published work demonstrates a growing awareness of the potential benefits of applying GIS to archaeological resource management and landscape archaeology, yet there is little evidence of its application to an integrated archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, historical and geographical enquiry. It is not the intention to use archaeological and historical data to demonstrate merely the merits of GIS, but to judge its success in 'doing' archaeological and historical research. Data sources are used irrespective of their suitability for input and analysis within the GIS. Each source is examined individually to gauge their reliability and also to reveal what they tell us about past settlement. The extent and nature of the archaeological record is assessed using air photography together with associated palaeoenvironmental evidence. Opportunity is taken to reflect on the potential value of photogrammetry and GIS to cultural resource management. Historical maps and documents, in the form of census returns, estate plans, rent rolls, court rolls provide a crucial human element to the study. Yet it is the tithe map of 1845 that is at the hub of much of the analysis. Mid-nineteenth century agricultural production, land use and tenure are analysed in relation to topographic and other geographical constraints. The tithe map also serves as an 'anchor' for a retrospective study of settlement development. Archaeological, palynological and documentary evidence point to the ebb and flow of mixed agriculture and settlement on Mynydd Cam Ingli during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Though there is palynological evidence of Dark Age activity, archaeological remains of settlement are not evident. Charters detail the parcelling out of land as burgages during the thirteenth century by Anglo-Norman lords and the establishment of an open field. Use of the upland for communal grazing was tightly controlled by the lordship, but rapid encroachment by squatters during the early nineteenth century reduced the area of commons dramatically. Remnants of open field survive on estate plans of the mideighteenth century and embedded within the tenurial pattern of the tithe map. It is suggested that agriCUltural productivity as indicated by the tithe rent-charge is not only constrained by environmental conditions but by the prolonged use of medieval farming practises that echo those of the former open field. The study suggests that the input of archaeological, historical and environmental data into a GIS increases the scale and range of possible enquiries and enables questions to be asked that would have been inconceivable using manual methods. However, success or failure of the application of GIS to this type of study depends on the willingness of the researcher not to forsake the traditional methods and techniques appropriate to the analysis of a diverse range of sources. Though methodologically eclectic, adopting a broad landscape approach in combination with the analytical power of GIS offers a formidable overarching methodology for studying the past. Although the study concludes by suggesting that the application of GIS is not itself unproblematic, it is argued that the work presented does illustrate its potential value.

No description available.

Abstract not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma, 1962.

No description available.

This study analyzes the pollen, spores, and algae in the upper 90 m section of a mostly continuous, well dated, 323 m core (OL-92) from Owens Lake, southeastern California. The entire core has produced a paleoclimatic record for the past ∼800 ka. The 90 m interval dates from ∼9 ka to ∼151 ka beginning with the penultimate glaciation and ending during the termination of the last glaciation. The record shows high amplitude fluctuations in the abundances of pine, juniper, saltbush, sagebrush, chenopods/amaranths, and Ambrosia-type pollen. High percentages of juniper pollen with low percentages of desertscrub pollen during the intervals ∼150 ka to ∼120 ka and 73 ka to ∼20 ka alternate with low juniper pollen and relatively high percentages of desertscrub and oak pollen during the intervals ∼118 ka to ∼103 ka and ∼18 ka ∼10 ka and into the Holocene. Sagebrush pollen varies with juniper pollen but has a tendency to lead it in time. Pine and fir pollen tends to vary inversely with juniper over the long term. These trends are interpreted as vegetation change in response to glacial-interglacial cycles: During cold-wet glacial climates there was a downslope expansion of juniper woodland and sagebrush scrub, contraction of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest, and displacement of warm desertscrub, suggesting average temperature and precipitation departures from modern values ranging from -2°C to -6°C and from +100 mm to +350 mm. Conversely under warmer and drier interglacials warm desert shrubs expanded their range in the lowlands, juniper and sagebrush retreated upslope, and the Sierran forests expanded. Estimated average temperature and precipitation departures from modern values ranged from -0.5°C to +3.7°C and +13 to -26 mm. Comparison of the pollen spectra spanning the penultimate and ultimate glacial maxima shows the former to have been longer and more intense, in accord with the Sierra Nevada glacial record. Similarly, the higher abundances of Ambrosia pollen during the last interglaciation, compared to the Holocene, indicate warmer temperatures in the former. The presence of high oak percentages also during the last interglaciation suggest an expansion of the summer monsoon. Finally, the match of the juniper curve with the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy suggests a link between vegetation change in the southern Owens Valley and global climate.

Four dynamic processes interact to create the stratigraphic record in a basin: climate, sediment supply, eustasy, and subsidence. To identify the contribution of each of these processes, techniques that can uniquely separate the effect of each component process on the stratigraphic record must be applied to produce a thorough understanding of the process, how it evolves through time and interacts with other processes. Recently published techniques (sequence stratigraphy, one- and three-dimensional backstripping), as well as techniques developed herein (Relational Tectonic Analysis), provide high resolution basin eustatic and tectonic histories. Integrating these new techniques with standard stratigraphic methods illuminates aspects of basin evolution heretofore hypothesized but unrecognized. Application of integrated analysis techniques indicates that plate tectonic reorganization events occurring during the Cretaceous Period had profound effects on the recognition of important sequence stratigraphic surfaces in southeastern and northwestern Australia. Seven reorganization events are recognized to have influenced the Cretaceous motion history of Australia. Eleven third-order eustatic cycles are recognized to have occurred during deposition of the Neocomian sediments of the Exmouth Plateau/North West Shelf. Sixteen third-order eustatic cycles are defined in Late Cretaceous sediments of the Otway Basin. The numeric ages determined from these twenty-seven biochronostratigraphically dated eustatic cycles are used to produce one- and three-dimensional subsidence histories. Each tectonic event creates a paired increased subsidence-decreased subsidence cycle. Each change in subsidence induces changes in the space available for sediment deposition. Changes in subsidence that create more space for sediments causes depositional systems to retrograde and transgressing the continent. Transgressive aspects of sediments deposited during each sea level rise associated with third-order eustatic cycle are amplified and therefore easier to recognize. Concurrently, the ability to recognize the regressive aspects of each eustatic cycle is diminished. If subsidence change reduces space available for sediments, the opposite effect occurs: depositional systems prograde, and regressive aspects of the third-order cycles are enhanced. Not all subsidence rate changes are due to tectonic reorganizations. Change in flexural subsidence induced by sudden large localized sediment influxes also cause enhancement of aspects of third-order eustatic depositional patterns.

This research examines whether 14C dating of pollen grains can be used as an alternative dating method for marine sediments and if the pollen ages can be used to refine the value of the Marine Reservoir Effect (MRE) applied to marine carbonates from cores retrieved from along the East Canadian Margin (Newfoundland and Scotian Shelves). Precise dating is critically important to situate abrupt climate events, such as the onsets and conclusions of the 8.2 ka cooling event, Younger Dryas, and Preboreal Oscillation and sediments thought relevant to these events have been used in my study. Pollen was extracted from ocean and wetland sediments cored from the eastern Canadian margin, James Bay region and Maritime Provinces of Canada and 14C dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Pollen dates from ocean sediments were compared with marine carbonate (mollusk shells or foraminifera) dates from the same core levels for which reworking has been excluded. The validity of the core dates was assessed via correlations with cores from other studies. Pollen samples from three tidal wetlands were taken from levels dated with 137Cs and 210Pb profiles. Ages of pollen from two additional wetlands were compared with 14C dates of botanical macrofossils.Most pollen dates vary from 14C dates based on macrofossils or carbonates, with age differences typically exceeding 250 years and over 3000 years in one instance. In some samples pollen ages were younger than the corresponding carbonate, as expected, since pollen ages should not be affected by the MRE. These differences in age between these MRE affected carbonates and the non MRE affected pollen, suggest that a MRE and the associated reservoir age could alter our understanding of the climatic timeline for the eastern Canadian Margin. However, these new reservoir ages have yet to be validated with the stratigraphic interpretations of the cores with which they are associated. In some cores, however, pollen dates show age reversals. Significant proportions of reworked pollen grains in ocean and wetland samples are associated with pollen dates that are too old. Prolonged core storage could result in pollen 14C ages that are too young, possibly because of bacterial growth but more work is needed to verify this hypothesis. Despite the problems encountered, some pollen dates are consistent with other 14C dates from the same core levels, suggesting this dating method can work. At present however, more work is needed to understand the conflicting results obtained. / Cette recherche vise à determiner si la datation par carbone 14 des grains de pollen peut être utilisée comme méthode alternative de datation des sédiments marins et si l'âge du pollen peut être utilisé pour raffiner la correction due à l'effet réservoir marin (Marine Reservoir Effect) appliquée aux carbonates marins des carottes prélevée le long de la marge de l'est canadien (plateaux continental de Terre-neuve et Néo-Écossais). Une datation précise est d'une grande importance afin de situer dans le temps des évènements climatiques soudains comme le début et la fin de la période de refroidissement du 8.2 ka, l'oscillation du Dryas récent et l'oscillation du Préboréal et les sédiments correspondant à ces évènements ont été utilisés dans cette étude. Du pollen a été extrait de sédiments océaniques et de zones humides prélevés sur la marge est-canadienne, dans la région de la Baie James et dans les provinces maritimes du Canada et datés au carbone 14 en utilisant la méthode d`accélération de particules et le spectromètre de mass « Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) ». Les dates basées sur le pollen des sédiments marins ont été comparées avec celles obtenues sur des carbonates marins (coquilles de mollusques et foraminifères) provenant des mêmes niveaux dans les carottes, pour lesquelles le remaniement a été exclu. La validité des dates des carottes a été évaluée via des corrélations avec des carottes provenant d`autres études, également datées. Des échantillons de pollen de trois zones humides de marrée ont été pris aux niveaux qui ont été préalablement datés avec des profils de Cs 137 et Pb 210. Lesâges du pollen de deux autres zones humides ont été comparés avec les âges carbone 14 de macrorestes botaniques. La plupart des dates carbone 14 basées sur le pollen diffèrent de celles basées sur les macrorestes ou les carbonates, avec des différences d'âge de plus de 250 ans, et même de 3000 ans dans un cas. Dans quelques échantillons, les âges basées sur le pollen sont plus jeunes que ceux des carbonates du même niveau, tel que prévu. Ces différences entre les âges des carbonates, qui sont affectés par l'effet réservoir marin et les âges du pollen, qui ne sont pas par l'effet réservoir marin, semble indiquer un effet réservoir marin, et la correction d`âge réservoir associée à cet effet pourrait altérer notre compréhension de la chronologie climatique de la marge continentale de l`est de Canada. Cependant, ces nouveaux âges réservoir n'ont pas encore été validés avec les interprétations stratigraphiques des carottes avec lequelles ils sont associés. Toutefois, dans certaines carottes, les dates du pollen montrent des inversions d'âge. Des proportions significatives des grains de pollen retravaillés, dans les milieux marins et les zones humides, ont été associées avec des dates polliniques trop âgées. L'entreposage prolongé des carottes pourrait résulter en des dates carbone 14 trop jeunes, possiblement dû à la croissance de bactéries mais plus de recherche est nécessaire pour vérifier cette hypothèse. Malgré les difficultés rencontrées, quelques dates basées sur le pollen sont consistentes avec les autres dates carbone 14 du même niveau dans la carotte, suggérant que cette méthode de datation peut fonctionner. Pour l'instant, plus de recherche est nécessaire pour comprendre les résultats contradictoires obtenus.