L’ischémie est une des problématiques majeurs de la transplantation, elle intervient au moment de la déconnexion d’un organe du système vasculaire et dure jusqu’à sa reconnexion chez le receveur. Elle provoque une diminution de la qualité des greffons et seulement un-tiers des pancréas éligibles aboutissent à une transplantation. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’améliorer la qualité des greffons en préparant les pancréas à subir l’ischémie par le préconditionnement et à améliorer leur préservation après avoir identifié les voies impliquées dans l’ischémie. Des changements métaboliques majeurs au niveau de l’organe ont été mis en évidence dépendant du temps d’ischémie, impliquant des dommages sur la partie endocrine du pancréas, les îlots. Ceci a été empêché par le préconditionnement du pancréas à l’ischémie activant les défenses antioxydantes et par l’utilisation de l’hémoglobine M101 issue de ver marin apportant de l’oxygène au cours de la préservation des pancréas de rat et humains. Ainsi, il est possible d’améliorer la qualité des greffons en agissant en amont du prélèvement et au cours de la préservation, ceci permettant une meilleure fonction. / Ischemia is one of the major problems of transplantation, it occurs at the time of disconnection of an organ of the vascular system and lasts until its reconnection in the recipient. It causes a decrease in graft quality and only one-third of the eligible pancreases results in a transplant. This work aimed to improve the quality of the grafts in preparing the pancreas to undergo ischemia preconditioning and improve their preservation after identifying the pathways involved in ischemia. Major metabolic changes in the organ have been demonstrated that appeared to ischemia time dependent enhancing damages to the endocrine part of the pancreas, the islets. This was prevented by the preconditioning of the pancreas to ischemia activating the antioxidant defenses and by the use of the marine worm M101 hemoglobin providing oxygen during the preservation of rat pancreas and humans. Thus, it is possible to improve the quality of the grafts by acting upstream of the sample and during the preservation, this allowing a better function.

Islet transplantation has found its niche in diabetes treatment. It has contributed to a better quality of life and better glycemic control of patients with diabetes suffering from severe hypoglycemia that are not eligible for vascularized pancreas transplantation. Islet isolation is a technically challenging procedure. The different studies within this doctoral thesis aim to improve and standardize different steps in the isolation procedure. They are in particular looking to improve human pancreas preservation during cold storage, to optimize islet release from the exocrine tissue and to assess whether the isolated islet yield can be predicted from a biopsy. We found that pancreas preservation with pre-oxygenated perfluorodecalin (two-layer method) did not improve the ischemic tolerance of the human pancreas as compared to cold storage with the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. Furthermore, in pancreas with long cold ischemia time (CIT) (>10 hours), Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) had a limited preservation capacity as compared with the UW solution with respect to isolation outcome. We also found that during enzymatic pancreas digestion, Vitacyte HA was able to provide a similar islet yield and quality as Serva NB1 with less collagenase activity and shorter digestion time. We further describe the first experience with a new GMP manufactured enzyme called Liberase MTF-S for successful human islet isolation. Finally, we found that the isolated islet yield could not be predicted from a biopsy taken from the head of the pancreas concerning solely morphological parameters of the islets tissue. The improvement of pancreas preservation will allow for marginal organs with prolonged cold ischemia time to expand the donor pool. Better knowledge of how the pancreatic extracellular matrix is digested by collagenase will lead to a fast and predictable islet release from the exocrine tissue. By standardizing the isolation procedure and improving organ selection we will increase the success rate in human islet isolation, thereby making islet transplantation available for more patients.