The Panzhihua intrusion is one of several large Fe-Ti oxide ore bearing intrusions related to the major flood volcanism of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China. The Panzhihua intrusion in particular has recently become the focus of numerous studies owing to the excellent exposure in large open pit mining operations. The formation of Fe-Ti oxide ore layers has been the focus of these studies and has become a somewhat controversial topic with three separate models currently proposed for ore formation. The gabbroic Panzhihua intrusion extends for ± 19 km along strike, has a maximum thickness of 3000 m and hosts extensive (up to 60 m thick) Fe-Ti oxide ore layers in the lower portions of the intrusion. The intrusion has been divided into five zones: marginal zone (MGZ), lower zone (LZ), middle zone A (MZa), middle zone b (MZb) and the upper zone (UZ). The gabbroic rocks are comprised of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and interstitial Fe-Ti oxides with minor olivine. Apatite is present within the MZb only and shows no correlation with Fe-Ti oxide ore layers. Fe-Ti oxides are present throughout the stratigraphy of the intrusion. This is unlike typical layered intrusions where significant Fe-enrichment through fractionation of Fe-poor silicate phases (i.e. plagioclase) is required before Fe-Ti oxide saturation. There are no oxide-free cumulate rocks at the Panzhihua intrusion, implying either an evolved parent magma or very high Fe content of the source rocks. I present here new mineral composition data, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry along with whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes and PGEs in order to constrain the evolution of the Panzhihua parent magma en route from source to chamber and the formation of Fe-Ti oxide ore layers. Furthermore an initial pilot study using O-isotope data is conducted on Ti-magnetite and plagioclase separates from gabbroic vs. ore rocks. Results are coupled with detailed thermodynamic modeling using the software PELE in order to further constrain Fe-Ti oxide ore layer formation. The intrusion is characterised by extreme depletion of PGEs relative to the coeval flood basalts and picrites. High Cu/Pd and Pd/Pt imply two separate stages of S-saturated and S-undersaturated depletion of PGEs. Pd is highly compatible in sulphide and is quickly scavenged by sulphide liquids resulting in an increase in Cu/Pd of the residual liquid. Furthermore decoupling of Pd and Pt can be achieved by either late stage hydrothermal alteration or through S-undersaturated stage of PGE depletion where Pt is scavenged by Pt-rich alloys or oxide minerals. I show that the latter is more likely. Fractionation modeling suggests that the Panzhihua parent magma formed at depth from original picritic magma. This is consistent with several other recent studies on other layered intrusions of the ELIP. Sr-Nd isotopic ratios indicate very little crustal contamination has occurred en route to the current chamber. Sr and Nd concentrations of footwall rocks are too low to produce any significant change in initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the intruding basaltic magmas, indicating that crustal contamination will not be indicated by Sr-Nd isotopic ratios. Gradational change in the Sr-Nd isotope ratios across the MGZ provides strong evidence for formation in an open system by multiple replenishments of progressively less contaminated magmas from depth. Contamination is difficult to constrain but must be occurring prior to emplacement at the current level (low Sr and Nd contents of footwall). A gradational upward decrease in highly incompatible element across the MGZ can then be explained by continuous magma flow, which effectively removes the evolved intercumulus liquids from the growing cumulate pile at the base of the chamber. The initial stages of formation of the Panzhihua intrusion are interpreted to result from prolonged low volume pulses of magma into a slowly opening chamber. The timing of Fe-Ti oxide crystallisation is fundamental in the understanding of the petrogenesis of ore layers. Distinct geochemical variation in whole-rock Fe2O3/TiO2 and Zr/Nb indicates that Timagnetite is the dominant oxide within the lower ± 270 m of the intrusion whereas above this level both Ti-magnetite and ilmenite are present as cumulus phases. This is interpreted to indicate a variation in the fO2 where the lower intrusion crystallises at higher fO2 relative to that above this level. Silicates within the ore layers, in particular plagioclase, are highly embayed and resorped where in contact with Fe-Ti oxides. This characteristic of the silicate grains implies early crystallisation prior to Fe-Ti oxides with subsequent disequilibrium conditions resulting in resorption. Furthermore distinct reaction rims of kaersutite amphibole, Fo-enriched olivine, An-enriched plagioclase and pleonaste are observed. The abundance of amphibole suggests H2O involvement in this reaction and consumption of silicates. A model for parent magma crystallisation at various H2O contents indicates that plagioclase crystallisation temperature is very sensitive to H2O content of the parent magma. Plagioclase crystallises early for “dry” compositions but significantly later for “wet” compositions. Fe-Ti oxide ore layers are generally well layered, contain gabbroic xenoliths and are observed raversing/cross-cutting the cumulate stratigraphy. I present here a new model for ore layer formation in order to account for these distinct features of the ore layers. A model invoking multiple replenishments of magma with variable oxide microphenocryst content, H2O content and volume is proposed. Magma evolving in the plumbing system and fed to the Panzhihua chamber is variably enriched in H2O, which results in significantly different crystallisation paths. High H2O magmas (> 2 wt %) crystallise Fe-Ti oxides early whereas low H2O magmas (< 1 wt %) crystallise oxides late. Early pulses of H2O-poor magma crystallise a sequence of plag+cpx+Fe-Ti oxide (±ol). Later pulses of H2Orich magma subsequently intrude the partially crystallised cumulate sequence incorporating and consuming previously crystallised silicates with subsequent early crystallisation of Ti-magnetite and formation of ore layers. H2O-rich magmas likely have suspended Ti-magnetite microphenocrysts as well, which crystallise at depth in the plumbing system. This model can account for the various characteristic features of the Fe-Ti oxide ore layers at the Panzhihua intrusion as well as other Fe-Ti oxide ore bearing intrusions in the region.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de décrire les quelques conséquences importantes de l'interaction d'un magma basique avec les sédiments qui forment son encaissant.<br />La première partie du manuscrit rappelle quelques résultats intéressants sur l'influence d'un encaissant sur un magma (assimilation d'encaissant par un magma) et sur l'influence de l'écoulement d'un magma sur l'encaissant (métamorphisme de contact). Cette partie rappelle également comment et pourquoi l'interaction entre les magmas et les roches sédimentaires de l'encaissant est souvent à la base de formation de gisements de métaux.<br />La deuxième partie apporte une nouvelle explication à la formation du gisement de magnétite titanifère de Panzhihua. Cette intrusion basique s'est mise en place dans des dolomies. Les dolomies métamorphisées ont émis une grande masse de CO2 qui a contaminé le magma et augmenté sa fugacité en oxygène. La magnétite a cristallisé précocement dans ce magma à forte fugacité en oxygène. Elle a subi une ségrégation par densité et s'est accumulée en fond de chambre magmatique.<br />Cette partie est en anglais. Elle a fait l'objet d'un article (in press) dans la revue Mineralium Deposita.<br />La troisième partie propose une étude plus détaillée des lithologies de l'auréole de contact de Panzhihua. Des données isotopiques nous permettent d'expliquer la formation des principaux types de skarns rencontrés dans l'auréole de contact. L'essentiel de l'auréole a constitué un système fermé vis-à-vis des éléments majeurs et traces. D'importants flux de CO2 (lors de la décarbonatation) puis d'eau (lors de l'hydratation) ont cependant traversé l'auréole de contact. Un échantillon de marbre à brucite montre des indices de fusion partielle (~20%). Un échantillon de skarn (zebra-rock) présente des indices de mélange chimique entre le magma et la dolomie.<br />La quatrième partie présente les résultats de l'étude d'une seconde auréole de contact, associée au gisement de sulfures de Ni-Cu magmatique d'Aguablanca (Espagne). L'intrusion d'Aguablanca s'est mise en place dans des calcaires argileux. Sa composition chimique montre des indices d'incorporation d'encaissant carbonaté. En modifiant la fugacité en oxygène du magma, l'incorporation de carbonates pourrait être impliqué dans la formation de ce gisement de Ni-Cu. Un modèle simple nous a permis de calculer la composition chimique des protolithes à partir des compositions chimiques des marbres, skarns et hornfels de l'auréole de contact. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les calcaires les plus purs sont également ceux qui libèrent le moins de CO2. La présence d'argiles dans les calcaires « impurs » permet diverses réactions de formation de silicates qui libèrent du CO2 lors du métamorphisme.<br />Dans la cinquième partie, nous rappelons la coïncidence temporelle entre la mise en place des grandes provinces magmatiques et les crises de la biosphère. Nous expliquons l'absence de relation de proportionnalité entrele volume de lave émis et l'intensité des crises et montrons que les sédiments sont les principales sources de gaz lors de la mise en place des grandes provinces magmatiques. L'intensité des crises dépend plus de la nature des roches dans lesquelles les trapps se mettent en place que du volume de lave émis.<br />Cette partie comporte une section en anglais, préparée pour être soumise à Geology.

The development of community health services (CHS), characterised in particular by the emergence of general practitioners and the establishment of community health centres, is one of the top priorities on the policy agenda for urban health reform in China. The primary and secondary levels of hospitals are being urged to change functions, shifting from traditional hospital services to CHS. This study aimed to contribute to the development of training strategies for CHS through documenting the policy, administrative and institutional arrangements of the CHS programs, identifying performance problems, and analysing relevant determinants that underpin the practice and performance of CHS. Document analysis, indepth interview and questionnaire survey were adopted as main methodological approaches. The study was undertaken in Chengdu and Panzhihua, which included observation of 14 community health centres, interview with 23 general practitioners and managers, and a random sample survey among 1041 residents. This study revealed that the top priority of the CHS programs was to try to stay alive through competing with other health institutions for consumers who could afford medical charges and to provide clinical services that would generate good revenues. The accessibility to medical care for the community residents had not been improved significantly. Poor response to local population health issues, inefficient use of resources and poor quality of services were amongst the key performance problems. There was little prospect of the CHS institutions achieving sustainable development. There was a widespread agreement among the CHS managers and practitioners that training is an essential strategy in improving the CHS performance. However, when policy, system, and cultural barriers are not properly addressed, training means little. There were evident organisational failings and lack of inter-governmental collaborations and leaderships in developing CHS. The lack of policy coherence with respect to organisational incentives impeded the achievement of the goals of CHS. There was also a lack of consumer participation and support. These findings have implications for both policy development and training arrangements. The development of CHS needs to be considered as a system change rather than in terms of isolated institutional developments. Training arrangements for CHS need to offer competencies for a wide range of organisations and professionals to enable them to improve their daily works and also to contribute to solving some of the system problems. The training programs developed for governmental officials, hospital and CHS managers, general practitioners, community nurses, public health workers, pharmacists and other CHS practitioners need to be aligned with a unified goal and facilitate the development of the supportive environments and inter-organisational collaborations (partnerships).