Introduction Though the associations of general parenting styles and smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent smoking have received much attention in recent years, important questions remain. Most general parenting studies focused on Caucasian parents but much less in the literature is known about Chinese parents. As for smoking-specific parenting practices in the household, anti-smoking practices have been the focus, with pro-smoking practices seldom being studied. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to examine general parenting styles of Hong Kong fathers and mothers, and their associations with adolescent current smoking; 2) to explore potential effect modifiers of the above associations—age/sex of the adolescent and parental smoking status; 3) to estimate the prevalence of adolescents’ exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices and the coexistence of pro-smoking and anti-smoking practices within a family; and 4) to examine the associations of smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent current smoking status and their intention to smoke. Methods Data from 2 large-scale school surveys were used. In the Hong Kong Student Obesity Surveillance project (HKSOS), 34,678 secondary students aged 12-17 completed an anonymous questionnaire. Current smoking denoted any smoking in the past 30 days. The parenting style of each parent was classified as authoritative (high care/high control), authoritarian (low care/high control), permissive (high care/low control) or neglectful (low care/low control). Binary logistic regressions generated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of current smoking for parenting styles, and parental care and control. In the Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) (2003/04), information of adolescent smoking behaviours, their exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices at home and socio-demographic characteristics was collected among 36,612 secondary 1-5 students. Pro-smoking practices included “buy cigarettes/hand cigarettes/light a cigarette/clean the ashtray for family members”, “easily see packages of cigarettes of family members at home”, “exposure to secondhand smoke at home” and “smoking among family members”. Anti-smoking practices were “parent-child communication about harms of smoking” and “anticipated control from father/mother if you were to smoke”. AORs of adolescent current smoking and their intention to smoke for each pro-smoking and anti-smoking practice were calculated. Results In HKSOS, over half of the fathers (51.5%) and mothers (66.2%) were authoritative. Current smoking (3.1%) was associated with lower levels of care both from father and mother, lower levels of maternal control, but higher levels of paternal control. Compared with authoritative fathers, the AORs (95% CI) of adolescent current smoking were 0.74 (0.59-0.93) for permissive, 1.13 (0.87-1.43) for authoritarian, and 0.99 (0.77-1.28) for neglectful. The corresponding AORs for mothers were 1.30 (1.04-1.61), 1.80 (1.34-2.41), and 2.49 (1.90-3.28). In YSS, 9.7% of adolescents were current smokers and 33.2% had the intention to smoke. About half the students (52.7%) reported pro-smoking practices and 87.8% reported anti-smoking practices at home. Anti-smoking practices were associated with lower odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, whereas pro-smoking practices were linked to higher odds. Conclusions Authoritative mothers and permissive fathers seemed to have protective effects against adolescent smoking. Pro-smoking practices were associated with higher odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, while anti-smoking practices were protective. / published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

以往的研究以独立自我和互联自我为理论构架，比较了中国父母的教养方式和西方父母的教养方式。这些研究普遍认为中国父母不重视子女的独立发展。但是，一小部分相反的证据以及中国城市快速的现代化进程使得这一结论的准确性受到质疑。为了解决这一争论，本研究以“独立多面性思想为指导，从文化的角度区分了两种重要的独立功能自立（即个人能力、努力和责任）和个性（即自信敢言和独特性）。本研究由一个焦点小组研究（研究一）和相关研究（研究二）组成。前者初步收集自立和个性的区别，后者在城市和农村青少年中调查父母提升自立和父母提升个性的结构性和功能性差异。 / 研究一调查了23个中国大学生，结果指示中国人倾向于认为自立是自己处理自己的事情的能力，而个性是独立思考而不人与亦云的能力。研究二调查了314名城市初中生和536名农村初中生。在初中生的报告中，父母提升自立和父母提升个性是两个相关但不相同的概念。比起提升个性，中国城市和农村的青少年报告父母更多地提升（子女的）自立。但城市青少年比农村青少年报告父母更多提升自立和个性。青少年报告的父母提升自立比提升个性更能预测他们的学业功能和互惠孝顺观念（即基于感激和回报而关心支持父母的观念）。青少年报告的父母提升个性能预测他们的情绪功能，但这个作用更常见于城市而非农村。 / 本研究的结果填补了父母对青少年初期的子女多种独立功能社会化的研究空白，阐明了青少年发展中独立功能具有多面性的本质。而且这些结果再次证明了社会文化变迁对父母社会化影响，反映了中国父母教养方式的动态性和复杂性。同时也为今后多文化的研究提供启示。 / Prior research contrasting Chinese parenting with Western parenting within the framework of independence vs. interdependence often portrayed Chinese parents as deemphasizing offspring’s independent development. However, a small body of evidence contradictory to this stereotypical picture and modernization occurring dramatically in urban China cast doubt on this conclusion. In order to enlighten the debate on Chinese parental socialization of independence, the current research, guided by the notion of multifaceted independence, attempted to differentiate two essential forms of independence self-reliance (i.e., individual effort, ability and responsibility) and individuality (i.e., assertiveness and distinctiveness). It included a focus group study as a preliminary step to accumulate evidence of distinction of self-reliance and individuality and a correlational study as a primary step to examine the conceptual and functional distinction between parental promotion of self-reliance and promotion of individuality in the perception of urban and rural Chinese early adolescents. / In the study 1, a focus group study on a sample of 23 Chinese university students showed that Chinese people tended to interpret self-reliance as an ability to handle personal affairs on one’s own and individuality as a capacity to have independent thinking rather than following the crowd. Study 2 was based on the reports of 314 urban and 536 rural early adolescents. Overall, the findings suggest that adolescents’ perceived parental promotion of self-reliance and promotion of individuality were two overlapping yet distinct constructs. The former was reported to a higher degree than the latter cross the urban vs. rural group, but both were reported higher in the urban than in the rural group. Perceived parental promotion of self-reliance (vs. promotion of individuality) was more likely to predict adolescents’ enhanced academic adjustment and reciprocal filial piety attitudes (i.e., attitudes toward caring and supporting parents out of appreciation and reward) reported concurrently cross the urban vs. rural group. Perceived parental promotion of individuality, however, was effective to predict adolescents’ heightened emotional adjustment reported concurrently, but more likely to work in the urban vs. rural context. / The findings fill in the omission of parental socialization of multiple forms of independence when offspring enter into adolescence, and shed light on the multifaceted nature of independence in adolescent development. They also add to extant evidence documenting the effects of sociocultural changes on parental socialization, which reflects the dynamics and complexity of contemporary Chinese parenting and provides implications for future studies with multiple cultural groups. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lin, Li. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-180). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Chinese Parental Socialization of Independence --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptualizing Independence into Two Forms: Self-reliance and Individuality --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Promotion of Individuality on Children’s Psychosocial Functioning --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- Urban-rural Variations --- p..31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Overview of the Current Study --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Study 1--Focus Group on Understanding of Self-reliance and Individuality / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Study 2--Validation of the Conceptual and Functional Distinction between Perceived Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Parental Promotion of Individuality Implications to Functioning Early Adolescents’ Psychosocial / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- General Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Distinction of Perceived Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Promotion of Individuality --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect Size --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Implications for Cultural Studies in Parental Socialization of Independence --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations and Future directions --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.152 / References --- p.154 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Parenting Scales --- p.181 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Adolescent Functioning Scales --- p.187

by Yeung Yin Yan. / Questionnaires in Chinese and English. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-64). / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Result --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion --- p.50 / Reference --- p.59 / Appendix: Questionnaire of the study (both English and Chinese version) --- p.65

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

Siu Man-Hong Andrew. / "May 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 298-336). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

盧瑞忠. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院社會工作學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 203-216. / 中英文摘要. / Lu Ruizhong. / Chapter 第一章： --- 序言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章： --- 靑少年犯罪理論和硏究結果 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章： --- 本硏究各槪念的文獻探討 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章： --- 研究問題及硏究假設 --- p.78 / Chapter 第五章： --- 研究方法 --- p.89 / Chapter 第六章： --- 調查結果 --- p.94 / Chapter 第七章： --- 討論 --- p.151 / Chapter 第八章： --- 總結及建議 --- p.187 / 參考文獻 --- p.203 / 附錄一：給家長的信 / 附錄二 ：《子女問卷》 / 附錄三：《父母問卷》

随着经济的快速发展与社会的重大转型，青少年网瘾问题成为中国大陆困扰家庭的社会问题。对于这种新兴的青少年越轨行为，已有研究往往关注青少年自身的心理因素及同伴影响，从社会学角度对青少年问题网络行为及其背后的家庭因素进行系统分析的研究相对缺乏。因此，本研究重新聚焦家庭，整合社会资本理论与一般压力理论，深入地探究家庭对于青少年问题网络行为的影响，并进一步比较家庭和同伴对于青少年上网行为的作用。 / 研究数据来自于2008年的"北京青少年上网行为调查"项目，该项目在海淀区14所中学中抽取697名初中二年级的学生，最终获得有效问卷668份。结合数据，我们将样本划分为安全群体、危险群体及网瘾群体，三个群体占样本总数的比例分别为37.6%、46.4%及16.0%。通过回归分析发现，产生于家庭内部的一般性社会资本（比如孩子对父母的依恋）会对青少年问题网络行为产生显著的负向效应，而功能性家庭社会资本（比如父母与孩子共同上网的行为等）与青少年问题网络行为之间并未出现显著的相关关系。同时，来自于父母的家庭压力（比如孩子遭受父母虐待等）以及越轨同伴都对青少年问题网络行为有显著的正向影响。另外，本研究进一步探究了家庭和同伴的互动关系，并发现因上网而越轨的同伴作为中介变量，跟孩子与父母的负面关系（包括孩子遭受父母虐待及孩子与父母之间的冲突）共同对青少年问题网络行为产生影响作用。本研究还结合了定性分析，对青少年从"正常"到"成瘾"过程中家庭因素的影响做了更深入和全面的分析。不仅从理论层面填补了社会学领域以家庭为焦点解释青少年问题网络行为的空白，而且也为实证领域对青少年网瘾进行有效的预防和疏导提供了重要参考。 / With the rapid economic development and great social change in Mainland China, Internet Addiction among adolescents has become a serious social problem disturbing families. Concerning this rising adolescent deviant behavior, previous studies mainly emphasized the individual psychological factors and some peer influences, but few studies have systematically explained the familial influences behind the adolescent problematic Internet use from sociological perspective. Therefore, this study has returned back to family, combining Social Capital Theory and General Strain Theory in a sociological framework, to explore the interactive mechanism between familial factors and adolescent problematic Internet use. Furthermore, we compare the influences of family and of peers on such deviant behavior. / This study used the data collected by the project of Internet Use among Beijing Adolescents in 2008, which sampled 697 students in Junior 2 from 14 middle schools of Haidian District and finally got 668 valid questionnaires for analysis. We divided the sample into three groups according to the risk degree of their Internet use, i.e., safe group, risk group and addicted group, and the percentages of the three groups to the whole sample are 37.6%, 46.4% and 16.0%. With the regression analysis, we found that the general internal-family social capital (e,g., attachment to parents) was significantly negatively related to the adolescent problematic Internet use, while the functional family social capital (e.g., aligned Internet use between parents and children) had no significant effect on adolescent problematic Internet use. And, both family strain (e.g., experience of parental maltreatment) and deviant peers had significant positive influence on adolescent problematic Internet use. Furthermore, we explored the interactive relationships among family strain, deviant peers and adolescent problematic Internet use, and found deviant peers, as a mediating factor, together exerted influences on adolescent problematic Internet use. / This study also combined the qualitative analysis to explain the deeper familial reasons in the process of adolescent becoming "addicted". It not only filled out the gap in sociological research area with focusing on family to systematically explore the social influences on adolescent problematic Internet use, but also provided important references to the practical prevention and treatment of adolescent Internet Addiction. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 孟宏. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-137). / Abstracts also in English. / Meng Hong.