Bibliography: leaves 108-113. This dissertation givens and analytical overview of the research and recovery actions for the Orange-bellied Parrot and the Kangaroo Island Glossy Black-Cockatoo and evaluates the successful practices and those which have failed. This research shows that new recovery action initiatives can still be found and that not all recommendations in recovery plans are followed, which impairs the efficiency of the recovery efforts. It concludes that a successful recovery effort of these two bird species lies in continued research, a serious compliance with the recommendations made by recovery plans and by further environmental education in society.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Calvin L. Keeler, Dept. of Animal & Food Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-180). Also available on the World Wide Web.

This study was undertaken to investigate the ecology of the Black-cheeked Lovebird Agapornis nigrigenis in the wild. Prior to this study little was known about the ecology of this parrot or other members of the genus Agapornis. The Black-cheeked Lovebird is classified as Vulnerable and has suffered a severe population decline and reduced distribution, from which, for largely speculative reasons, it has never recovered. The overall aim of this project was to elucidate the basic biology of the Black-cheeked Lovebird and determine the conservation actions which are necessary to conserve the species in the wild. Fieldwork was conducted across the species' range in south-west Zambia over twenty-two months between May to December 1998; March to December 1999; and February to May 2000. An education project focussing on Black-cheeked Lovebird conservation was conducted with local schools, villagers and Zambia Wildlife Authority scouts during September 2001. Historical records pertaining to distribution of the Black-checked Lovebird, both within and beyond Zambia are few, anecdotal and often discredited, and it is suggested that the species should be considered as endemic to Zambia. Within its core range the species has a clumped and localised distribution, associated with Mopane woodland and permanent water sources. Two sub-populations occur and appear to be distinct. Black-cheeked Lovebirds were most active, in the early morning and late afternoon, forming the largest daily flocks sizes during these times, which correlated with drinking and feeding activities. The smallest flock sizes occurred when roosting. Overall flock sizes were significantly larger during the dry (non-breeding) season. Black-cheeked Lovebirds were observed feeding on 39 species. Food items included seeds, leaves, flowers (especially nectar), fruit pulp, invertebrates, bark, lichen, resin, and soil. Various foraging techniques were used. Terrestrial foraging was dominant, with little temporal or spatial variability. Arboreal foraging in plants varied seasonally and by availability. Feeding preferences were not specialised and there was no dependence on a limited food resource. Black-cheeked Lovebirds fed on two agricultural crops. There was no evidence to suggest an extended foraging range during the crop-ripening season, or the reliance on crops for survival. The crop-ripening season coincided with the lovebird breeding season. The species is widely perceived as a crop pest, with 18% of seed heads of millet crops suffering more than 20% damage during the ripening season. Local farmers attempted to protect their crops in a variety of ways, however, these were largely ineffective and rarely lethal to lovebirds. The importance of elevating local tolerance for the species through education programmes is highlighted. This study presents the first collection of breeding data on the species. Breeding occurred from midlate January to early May. A single clutch was raised by most pairs per breeding cycle. Seventy-eight nests were found and characteristics measured. Fidelity to nest-sites is suspected. Although breeding behaviour was non-cooperative most nests were found in a loosely clumped distribution. No nesting requirement appeared to be in limited supply, or had reason to affect the population's reproductive output. Behavioural data on nest location, building, defence and predation are presented. In addition courtship, copulation, parental care and juvenile behaviours are reported. Data on clutch size, laying intervals and hatching success with captive birds are included. One nestling tested positive for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus (PBFDV). Other observations suggest PBFDV is present in the wild population. Implications for research and conservation are discussed. Black-cheeked Lovebirds roosted inside naturally formed cavities in live Mopane trees. Roost cavities were found in a loosely clumped distribution. No roosting requirement appeared to be in limited supply. Black-cheeked Lovebirds are highly dependent on surface water supplies and need to drink at least twice daily. The lovebirds are highly cautious drinkers that will not drink if the water resource was actively disturbed by humans or livestock. Water availability is a limiting factor to the Black-cheeked Lovebird. The gradual desiccation of its habitat appears to be the major cause behind the reduction of occupancy within its small range. Over the last 45 years (1950 - 1997) the annual rainfall in the Black-cheeked Lovebird's habitat has decreased resulting in further reduction of its already highly localised distribution increasing the species dependence on artificial water supplies. The conservation management of the species should be prioritised towards maintaining and creating water resources with minimal external disturbance; upholding the wild-caught trade ban in the species, continuing environmental education with local schools promoting lovebird conservation, and monitoring populations through dry season water source counts. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva). Para isto, 12 aves adultas (6 machos e 6 fêmeas) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso à água e 60g diárias de ração comercial (Papagaio Mix - Biotron®). As aves foram divididas em três tratamentos, com diferentes níveis de própolis (A=0,0%; B=0,5% e C=1,0%), em três fases distintas (I, II e III), com duração de 15 dias para as fases I e III e 30 dias para a fase II, totalizando 60 dias. Nas fases I e III, todas as aves receberam ração do tratamento A, e na fase II receberam A, B ou C, sendo 4 aves por tratamento. Durante o experimento, foram colhidas sobras de ração, diariamente, para determinação do consumo. Ao término de cada fase, as aves foram pesadas e realizou-se colheita de sangue para avaliações bioquímicas e hematológicas. Para as variáveis analisadas foi utilizada ANOVA e o contraste entre as médias pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Parâmetros bioquímicos sugeriram que a própolis a 0,5% reduziu os níveis de lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos, sugeriu-se que no tratamento B houve aumento das concentrações de hemoglobina e eosinófilos. O consumo foi reduzido para as aves do tratamento C (1,0% de própolis) durante a fase II, evidenciando a baixa palatabilidade da ração com alto nível de própolis. Os resultados permitiram concluir que 0,5% de própolis melhorou os níveis de LDH, hemoglobina e eosinófilos; 1,0% de própolis reduziu o consumo de ração pelas aves / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brazilian propolis on serum biochemical and hematological parameters for captive Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Twelve adult birds (6 male and 6 female) were housed in individual cages with ad libitum water and each bird received 60g of a commercial diet (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®) per day. Birds were randomly distributed in three treatments which were: A-a commercial diet without Brazilian propolis (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®); B - the commercial diet with 0.5% of Brazilian propolis; and C - the commercial diet with 1.0% of Brazilian propolis. There were 4 repetitions per treatment and the parrot was the experimental unit. The trial lasted 60 days and was divided in three phases (I, II and III), phase I and III lasted 15 days and phase II 30 days. All birds were fed the diet of treatment A during phase I and III and in the phase II parrots were fed the three treatments. Food remains were collected during the whole experimental period for evaluation of feed intake. At the end of each phase, blood sample were collected from for biochemical and hematological evaluation and birds were also weighted. The results were performed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey test (P≤0.05). Biochemical parameters suggested that 0.5% of Brazilian propolis in diet acted as a liver protection agent reducing the lactate desidrogenase level. For hematological parameters birds from treatment B had the higher hemoglobin concentration and eosinophils count compared to others treatment. The feed intake was lower for birds from treatment C (1.0% of Brazilian propolis) during the phase II showing the low palatability of the diet with high level of propolis. The results showed that 0.5% of propolis improved the levels of LDH, hemoglobin and eosinophils; 1.0% of propolis reduced feed intake by birds / Orientador: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Coorientador: Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi / Banca: Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt / Banca: Carlos Eduardo do Padro Saad / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Octavio Marcondes Machado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T22:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_CarlosBarrosde_M.pdf: 5054552 bytes, checksum: 3791ffaf7f0fa7c91953505a70a9c97d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A biologia do Papagaio-galego Alipiopsitta xanthops é muito pouco conhecida e o estudo que ora se apresenta é o primeiro sistematicamente realizado com a espécie. Trata-se de uma espécie endêmica de cerrado, mas não do Brasil. Possui distribuição ampla ocorrendo desde o sul do Piauí/Maranhão, passando por estados do centro oeste como Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul até o Norte de São Paulo e Bolívia. É uma espécie quase ameaçada principalmente devido ao comércio ilegal e destruição de seu habitat. A descrição da dieta, do comportamento alimentar bem como do uso do habitat são de fundamental importância na conservação das espécies. O presente estudo descreve estes fatores para o papagaio-galego, que se revelou uma espécie generalista. O papagaio-galego alimentou-se de 15 espécies vegetais diferentes durante o estudo. Foram consumidos itens mais diversos como frutos, sementes, folhas, barro e até casca de árvores. OBS.: O resumo na integra poderá ser visualizado no link ou texto completo da tese digital. / Abstract: There are only few studies on the Yellow-faced Parrot¿s (Alipiopsitta xanthops) biology, and this is the first systematically done with the species. The Yellow-faced Parrot is a cerrado endemic bird, with a wide distribution. It occurs from the southern Piauí and Maranhão States throughout Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States and its southern limits are the North of Sao Paulo State and Bolivian territory. It¿s considered near threatened specially due to illegal commerce and habitat destruction. The description of its diet and feeding behavior as well as of the habitat use is of great importance for the species¿ conservation. The present study describes these factors for the Yellow-faced Parrot, which is a generalist regarding to food. The Yellow-faced Parrot fed on 15 different vegetal species and consumed a great number of food items such as fruits, seeds, leaves, soil and even rind of the trunk of the trees. Note: the complete abstract is avaiable with the link or full eletronic digital theses or dissertations. / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

A pré-medicação apesar de ser freqüentemente utilizada nos mamíferos, é raramente utilizada nas espécies aviárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pré-medicação na indução e anestesia com sevofluorano em papagaios. Foram utilizados trinta e seis animais adultos oriundos do Parque ecológico do Tietê. Os animais foram randomicamente distribuídos em três grupos: grupo I (n = 12), tratado com NaCl 0,9% como placebo, grupo II (n = 12), com cetamina 10 mg.Kg-1 e grupo III (n = 12), com cetamina 10 mg.Kg-1 e diazepam 0,5 mg.Kg-1, por via intramuscular. Quinze minutos após a pré-medicação, a indução foi realizada por meio de máscara facial conectada a um circuito sem reinalação, usando 4,5% de sevofluorano em 100% de oxigênio, com um fluxo de 1,5L. Tanto os efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios, bem como, a qualidade da pré-medicação, indução e recuperação da anestesia foram avaliadas. A Dose anestésica mínima obtida neste estudo foi de 2.4 &plusmn; 0.37%, 1.7 &plusmn; 0.39%, e 1.3 &plusmn; 0.32% para os grupos I, II e III respectivamente. Foi concluído que a cetamina isolada ou cetamina/diazepam diminuem consideravelmente a dose anestésica mínima em papagaios. A cetamina isolada ou em associação, promoveu uma boa qualidade de sedação, permitindo uma melhor indução da anestesia quando comparada a indução com o agente inalatório. Tanto a cetamina isolada quanto a associação, mostraram-se seguras, não alterando as funções cardiovasculares, a oxigenação ou ventilação, podendo ser utilizados com sucesso nesta espécie. Além disto, a anestesia com o sevofluorano foi considerada segura para esta espécie em todos os protocolos estudados. / Although pre-medication is commonly used in mammals, it is rarely used in avian species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-medication in the induction and anesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots. Thirty-six adults animals were utilized from Tietê ecologic park. The animals were randomically distributed in three groups: group I (n = 12), was pre-medicated with NaCl0.9% as a placebo, group II (n = 12), with ketamine 10 mg.kg-1 and group III (n = 12), with ketamine 10mg.kg-1 and diazepam 0.5mg.kg-1, intramuscularly. Fifteen minutes after pre-medication, the induction was accomplished with a facial mask connected to a non rebreathing circuit using 4.5% of sevoflurane in 100% oxygen with a flow rate of 1.5L. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects were evaluated as well as the quality of pre-medication, induction and recovery of anesthesia. The minimal anesthetic concentration obtained at this study was 2.4 &plusmn; 0.37%, 1.7 &plusmn; 0.39%, and 1.3 &plusmn; 0.32% for group I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that ketamine alone or ketamine/diazepam consider decreased the DAM of sevofluorano in parrots. ketamine alone or in association, promoted a good quality of sedation allowing better induction of anesthesia when compared with the induction with inhalant agent. Even ketamine alone or the association were considered a safe procedure, not changing cardiovascular, oxygenation and ventilation and could be successfully used in this specie. Furthermore, the anesthesia with sevoflurane was considered safe to this specie in all protocols.

Orientador: Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hofstatter_PauloGonzalez_M.pdf: 2633496 bytes, checksum: 19c74e9814c573f8ebf8f7645de76a37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Psittacidae são aves de estimação bem conhecidas e comuns em zoológicos, parques e criatórios particulares. Têm uma ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais. Apesar de sua popularidade, pouco se sabe a respeito de seus parasitas, principalmente coccídios. O filo Apicomplexa é um grupo de protozoários predominantemente parasíticos de imensa importância médica e veterinária, o qual apresenta afinidades com Dinozoa, Ciliophora e Heterokonta. Apesar da presença de Apicomplexa em psitacídeos ter sido relatada diversas vezes, poucas espécies de Eimeria (6) e Isospora (2) foram descritas até o momento. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, identificar e descrever os parasitas coccidianos encontrados em aves psitaciformes. Para isto, fezes de aves cativas originárias de zoológicos e criadores particulares foram coletadas entre 2009 e 2010 e submetidas a técnicas de flutuação a fim de recuperar oocistos de coccidios e ovos de nematódeos. 43 das 237 amostras estavam positivas (18,1%). Oocistos típicos de Eimeria foram observados em Amazona aestiva, Ara rubrogenis e Platycercus sp. e uma nova espécie de Eimeria foi descrita em A. aestiva. Nenhum oocisto de Isospora foi observado. Além disso, tivemos a oportunidade de observar rica variedade de ovos de nematódeos, possivelmente pertencendo a Capillaria plagiaticia, Ascaridia sp., Heterakis sp. e outro material não identificado. Observou-se também que espécimes de zoológicos foram significativamente mais parasitados do que aves oriundas de criatórios particulares. A prevalência de nematódeos (16,9%) foi muito maior que de protozoários (2,1%) / Abstract: Psittacidae are well-known companion birds and common as zoo specimens, in parks and breeding facilities. They have a wide distribution around the world, mainly in tropical regions. Despite their popularity, not much is known about the parasites associated to them, mainly coccidia. The phylum Apicomplexa is a predominantly parasitic protozoan group of huge medical and veterinary importance, which bears evolutionary affinities to Dinozoa, Ciliophora and Heterokonta. Although the presence of apicomplexan parasites in psittacine birds was reported several times, only a handful of Eimeria (6) and Isospora (2) species has been described until now. The aim of this study was to investigate, identify and describe the coccidian parasites found in psittacine birds. For this, feces of captive birds originating from zoos and private breeders were collected from 2009 to 2010 and they were submitted to flotation techniques in order to recover coccidian oocysts and nematode eggs. 43 of 237 samples were positive (18,1%). Typical eimerian oocysts were observed in Amazona aestiva, Ara rubrogenis and Platycercus sp. and a new Eimeria species was described in A. aestiva. No isosporan oocysts were detected. Besides, we were able to observe a rich variety of nematode eggs, possibly belonging to Capillaria plagiaticia, Ascaridia sp., Heterakis sp. and another non-identified material. Zoo specimens were significantly more heavily parasitized than birds from private breeding facilities. Nematode prevalence was 16,9%, which was much more prevalent than that of coccidia, at about 2,1% / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Coorientador: Luciana Domingues de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Francisco Sanfilippo / Banca: Thaila Cristina Putarov / Resumo: Estudos sobre processamento de rações e sua influência no metabolismo são escassos para psitacídeos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e radiográficos de papagaios-verdadeiro após a transição de dieta com alta gordura, baseada em girassol, para alimento balanceado para manutenção de papagaios. Esta formulação balanceada foi processada de modo a se obter três diferentes graus de cozimento do amido: Ração peletizada (PEL) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e peletizados, com 27% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada baixo cozimento (EXTb) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e extrusados com baixa transferência de energia, com 82% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada elevado cozimento (EXTa) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 0,5mm e extrusados com elevada transferência de energia, com 98% de cozimento do amido. Trinta papagaios-verdadeiro adultos foram mantidos na dieta à base de girassol por 90 dias, para homogeneização do grupo e determinação dos valores basais. Posteriormente foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições (papagaios) por tratamento (rações experimentais) e mantidos nas três dietas por um período de 160 dias. Foram determinados o consumo e a palatabilidade dos alimentos, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis - AGVs (acético, butírico, propiônico, valérico, isovalérico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies on food processing and its influence on metabolism are scarce for psittacines. The present study evaluated the consumption, digestibility, serum biochemistry, and radiographic parameters of blue-fronted amazon parrots after the transition from high-fat diet, based on sunflower seed, to a balanced formulation for parrot maintenance. This formulation was processed to obtain three different degrees of starch gelatinization: Pelletized food (PEL) - ingredients ground with a 2mm sieve and pelletized, with 27% of starch cooking; Low cooking extruded feed (EXTL) - ingredients ground with 2 mm sieve and extruded with low energy transference, with 82% of starch cooking; High cooking extruded food (EXTH) - ingredients ground with 0.5 mm sieve and extruded with high energy transference, with 98% of starch cooking. Thirty adults blue-fronted amazon parrots were maintained on the sunflower seed based diet for 90 days, for homogenization of the group and determination of baseline values. Later, they were distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 repetition (parrots) per treatment (experimental food) and fed with the diets for a period of 160 days. Food consumption and palatability, apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs - acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, isovaleric and isobutyric), lactate and ammonia of the excreta and, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment hematological, radiographic and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and uric acid were determined. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey's test (P <0.05). The PEL food presented higher fat and starch digestibility than the EXTL and EXTH (P<0.05)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

"Macaws is a field and laboratory guide to the identification of the Military Macaw and the Scarlet Macaw. Also included is a survey of all the Southwestern culture areas which have produced macaw remains...A "labor of love" by the author...Scholarly addition to our knowledge of Southwestern prehistory." --Southwestern Lore "Excellent monograph, well illustrated...Much useful and interesting data in this study."--American Antiquity