A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master's degree in Recreation and Tourism, in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2010. / The study was conducted with the view of investigating community participation and benefits from tourism activities and facilities at the Umvoti Municipality. Though the uMvoti people could be perceived as not understanding tourism a human activity and its related benefits, most of them do not seem to participate in any tourism development activities taking place in the area. In an attempt to investigate the research problem, the following research objectives were formulated: (a) To investigate the degree to which the community understands the importance of the concept of tourism. (b) To ascertain the adequacy of the provision of tourism activities and facilities in the study area. (c) To identify the tourism participation patterns of the local community in terms of tourism activities and facilities found in the study area. (d) To reveal the perceived tourism benefits that the local community is expecting to enjoy in the study area, (e) To assess the perceived management strategies or practices, that are been used by the tourism authorities to promote tourism development in the uMvoti municipal area. The research methodology used in an attempt to execute the objectives of the research study involved a stratified sample size of 128 respondents, who were distributed in the uMvoti Local Municipality as follows : sample consisting of Tourism & Municipal officials [13], Tourists [18], tour operators [20] and local communityl"??]. Data was collected by means of questionnaires, which were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences [SPSS] computer programme, available at the Department of Recreation and Tourism, University of Zululand. The findings of the study essentially revealed that there exists a positive perception towards tourism in the study area. The community has also displayed a variety of expectations since tourism has not achieved any remarkable development in the study area. The findings were that tourism facilities and activities in the study area were inadequately provided and unsatisfactory: there was also minimal to fair participation practice in tourism activities and facilities, mainly influenced by social and education variables. The tourism management practice in the study area were found to be ineffective and inadequate for encouraging community beneficiation. It was further discovered that, notwithstanding that the local community was aware of tourism activities and facilities in the study area, there were tangle and adequate benefits for the community, since they were for a long time excluded from enjoying the rewards of tourism. The community members tend to be sceptical, where there are no identifiable and observable improvements in their lifestyle. The research study finally came up with recommendations that were based on the outcomes of study. The study recommended that there must be heavy investment in skills training and education of the community in uMvoti area.

M.Inf. / Enterprises are in the midst of some revolutionary changes in how people are managed in work situations. The major premise underlying work-force management traditionally has been that efficiency can be achieved best by imposing management control over workers' behaviour. Today, in response to massive evidence that control-oriented management models can produce outcomes that subvert the interest of both enterprises and the people who work in them, a new work-force management model is appearing - that of participative management. The premise of the emerging model is that enterprises must elicit the commitment of their employees if they are to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in contemporary markets. Rather than relying on a "retain and control" management, enterprises in the future will apply a "share and learn" management where they will heavily rely of member self-management in pursuing collective objectives. This study intends to stress the fact that employee potential needs to be mobilised by management and can only show up as performance when employees are given opportunity to contribute to decision-making with the minimum interference of management. This study calls for a transformation of leadership willing to empower staff to participate fully and freely in the creation of the future. The time has come to transform the way in which leaders work with and provide leadership to staff in academic information services. Leaders in academic information services need to realise that employee participation will enhance commitment and performance for both employees and management. A review of literature revealed that participative management is more than only a willingness to share influence - formal patterns of participation need to be truely implemented where employees have a right to contribute on all levels of decision-making. Participation is not an absolute term - there are various degrees of participation and types of involvement programmes to apply. Participative management is more complex than simply allowing employees to make some of the decisions. It involves formal programmes which need to be effectively implemented. The empirical survey which was done through a twenty-item questionnaire distributed to seven academic information services in Gauteng, revealed that participative management is applied at these institutions but more in low-level decisions. This indicated that participation is still limited and controlled by management and is not yet experienced as a right by employees. This study also clearly showed that self-regulation occurs most effectively through self-managed work-teams. These teams offer the highest degree of decision-making autonomy to all levels of staff and are a unique and viable alternative to traditional forms of work design in academic information services. Directors and leaders of modern academic information services need to encourage and facilitate self-regulation among employees of all levels. This will help to cope more effectively with future challenges of rapid change and technological complexity that now threaten efforts to create more responsive academic information services.

M.A. / The management of human resources is becoming increasingly important for the continued existence of South African organisations. Political, economic, technological and demographic pressure is forcing organisations to change. Employee involvement through the activation of small groups is of crucial importance to organisations that have to adapt to a fast-changing environment. Organisations must establish the necessary climate, structures and processes that effect teamwork, flexibility and quality service-rendering in a supportive way. Quality circles are an improvement intervention for organisations, which is based on the principle of participative management. Quality circles are aimed at improving individuals' working conditions through participative management, which will promote self-management in support of an organisation's objectives. The successful implementation of quality circles results in motivated employees who will give the organisation the necessary competitive edge to tackle challenges in a dynamic way. At a time when matters such as transformation, affirmative action and equal opportunities play an important part in the South African Police Service, training education and development are of cardinal importance. The correct implementation of the participative management style serves as the basis of an organisation's success. The quality circles technique sets guidelines for the correct implementation of the participative management style. The participative management style has a positive impact on performance, production, morale and job satisfaction. Numerous research findings prove that participative management does indeed make a difference. Quality circles represent a technique that facilitates the process of participative management. The need for an interventionist strategy to facilitate the process of development and change within the South African Police Service has been identified. This study subscribes the said need since its objective is to make recommendations that could be of value to the South African Police Service. An exploratory study was done with regard to the implementation of the participative management style in the South African Police Service. Data was gathered by means of questionnaires that were processed quantitatively, with the purpose of establishing to what extent the SAPS is experiencing the need for quality circles and which problems should be addressed by means of quality circles. Through this study the SAPS was made aware of the advantages and the functioning of the quality circles for the effective implementation of the participative management style. The recommendations are practical an could lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction. Qualitative data was gathered by means of and extensive literary study and quantitative data was gathered by means of questionnaires. The trustworthiness of the method of gathering the qualitative data was confirmed by means of literaturecontrole The reliability and validity of the method of gathering the quantitative data was confirmed by means of a factor analysis.

M.A. / Questions regarding the possible interrelations of work-related constructs of person-environment congruence, job satisfaction and job involvement were posed in this dissertation. These constructs were defined in terms of three separate theoretical frameworks, namely Holland's (1985b) vocational choice theory, the Theory of Work Adjustment (Lofquist & Dawis, 1984), and Kanungo's (1982b) conceptualisation of job involvement, respectively. In accordance with these theories, the Self-Directed Search questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Job Involvement Questionnaire were used to operationalise these variables for the 114 psychologists and 44 optometrists who participated in the study. The person-environment congruence scores were computed by means of the Congruence Index (Brown & Gore, 1994). A secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of environmental codes (one of the components of person-environment congruence) as have been provided by The South African Dictionary of Occupations (1987) for samples of psychologists and optometrists in the South African context. Different research designs were used to accommodate the diversity of the research objectives and hypotheses. A factorial research design was used to determine the potentiality of influences of person-environment congruence and job involvement on overall job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction. Possible differences between the samples of psychologists and optometrists, and males and females were built into the general linear models encompassed by this design. Similarly, this design was used to determine whether job involvement is a function of personenvironment congruence, overall job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction, extrinsic job satisfaction, gender and occupational group. Possible divergent effects of the samples and gender were further probed by means of generalised linear models (regression). Gender and sample-specific differences in terms of the variables of the study separately were examined through inferential statistics (t-tests). The possibility of a significant effect of job involvement on the relationship between person-environment congruence and job satisfaction assumed by Holland (1985b), was investigated by means of correlational analyses to conclude the examination of the relations among these variables. For the secondary aim of this study, the Environment Assessment Technique (Holland, 1985b) was used to calculate the respective environment codes of this sample of optometrists, and samples from four categories of registration of psychologists, namely clinical, counselling, educational and industrial psychologists, and then compared to the codes for these vocations listed in The South African Dictionary of Occupations (1987). The results of this study revealed significant effects of job involvement on overall job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction, but nonsignificant effects of occupational group (or sample) and gender. Of the independent variables, only person-environment congruence had moderately significant effects on extrinsic job satisfaction. When job involvement served as dependent variable, only overall job satisfaction or intrinsic job satisfaction and the occupational group had any significant influence on it. The effect of the psychologist sample on job involvement was greater than that of the optometrist sample. No gender differences were found in terms of these linear models, or in terms of the variables of the study separately. Further findings revealed that job involvement does not have any significant effect on the hypothesised congruence-job satisfaction, congruence-intrinsic job satisfaction, or congruence-extrinsic job satisfaction relationships. When the environmental codes of the various samples were compared to the proposed Holland ISE (investigative-social-enterprising) environment code, vast discrepancies were found. A predominantly social environment code was obtained for clinical, counselling and educational psychologists, but an enterprising code for industrial psychologists. Although the optometrists obtained a predominately investigative code, their environment's subtypes could not be characterised as social and enterprising, but rather as enterprising and realistic. Suggestions were made that research employing sample-specific environmental codes in studies of person-environment congruence and its possible covariates is warranted. A need for empirical examinations of environmental codes of other vocational populations in South Africa was also identified. It was further recommended that the job involvement construct should be included in theories describing the antecedents, correlates and consequences of job satisfaction. This study was then evaluated in terms of criterion validity and external validity requirements, and the conclusion was drawn that within the limitations of the study, the research questions had been answered.

D.Ed. / This research is particularly concerned with the lack of communication skills, such as reading, writing, conversing, listening, and the implementation of the language medium in an effective manner, displayed by the prospective management assistant. The management assistant is a frontline staff member, and as such should be fully competent in the aforementioned regard. Cognizance is taken of the controversy around outcomes-based education, as well as of the radical and sometimes unrealistic criticisms against this approach. For the purpose of this research and with regard to the education and training of the prospective management assistant a moderate and sober approach to curriculum renewal is advocated. The research questions hereunder formulate the problem with which the relevant study is confronted and address the issue of greater relevance regarding the education and training of the prospective management assistant. The issue of greater and more diverse skills in communication, including critically important attitudes and values not only for this particular learner, but for all people, is stressed: Which communication skills and knowledge, as well as underlying attitudes and values are demonstrated in the execution of the management assistant's task? In which way can a curriculum framework be designed to accommodate the aforesaid skills, knowledge, attitudes and values? The acquisition of skills in communication (including reading, writing, conversing and language skills) for all persons has already been addressed. The importance of communication skills for the prospective management assistant is the focus of this study.

Public participation in policy-making and implementation is an integral part of public administration and an essential ingredient of community development and democracy. This study describes, analyses and evaluates the role played by public participation in policy-making and implementation in South Africa, with specific reference to the Port Elizabeth Municipality. It investigates how the process of public participation in policy-making and implementation can be strengthened and made more fluid. The levels of knowledge regarding legislation, institutions and processes of public interaction with the legislative and policy-making and implementation institutions, and the intention to participate in these processes, are regarded as important. Among others, the concept participation and the impact of the process of public participation as well as the extent of awareness of the South African public with regard to its democratic rights ar:id freedom and newly acquired opportunities of interaction in policy-making and implementation are examined. The issues of concern in which the South African public would like to participate are also examined. In order to make meaningful decisions about public needs and demands, policy makers and implementers should obtain current information about such needs and demands. Public participation is an appropriate mechanism for conveying such information and should therefore be encouraged and preserved. It appears that the constitutional and legislative framework is an appropriate instrument for this purpose. However, in order to facilitate the development of the culture of participation, other prerequisites of public participation should not be forgotten. A lack of information about the process of public participation and a dearth of literature on the subject of public participation are among the challenges facing South Africa. The investigation indicates that there is lack of knowledge about institutions and legislation, as well as illiteracy and inadequate participation skills. Although Constitutional and statutory provisions reflect good intentions about public participation, with low levels of knowledge about such provisions and inadequate interaction between public participation and policy-making and implementation, a fluid process of participation which could deepen, broaden and sustain democracy would remain a utopian ideal. However, various mechanisms, by which this scenario could be addressed, could be devised and implemented. / Public Administration / D. Admin

Public participation in policy-making and implementation is an integral part of public administration and an essential ingredient of community development and democracy. This study describes, analyses and evaluates the role played by public participation in policy-making and implementation in South Africa, with specific reference to the Port Elizabeth Municipality. It investigates how the process of public participation in policy-making and implementation can be strengthened and made more fluid. The levels of knowledge regarding legislation, institutions and processes of public interaction with the legislative and policy-making and implementation institutions, and the intention to participate in these processes, are regarded as important. Among others, the concept participation and the impact of the process of public participation as well as the extent of awareness of the South African public with regard to its democratic rights ar:id freedom and newly acquired opportunities of interaction in policy-making and implementation are examined. The issues of concern in which the South African public would like to participate are also examined. In order to make meaningful decisions about public needs and demands, policy makers and implementers should obtain current information about such needs and demands. Public participation is an appropriate mechanism for conveying such information and should therefore be encouraged and preserved. It appears that the constitutional and legislative framework is an appropriate instrument for this purpose. However, in order to facilitate the development of the culture of participation, other prerequisites of public participation should not be forgotten. A lack of information about the process of public participation and a dearth of literature on the subject of public participation are among the challenges facing South Africa. The investigation indicates that there is lack of knowledge about institutions and legislation, as well as illiteracy and inadequate participation skills. Although Constitutional and statutory provisions reflect good intentions about public participation, with low levels of knowledge about such provisions and inadequate interaction between public participation and policy-making and implementation, a fluid process of participation which could deepen, broaden and sustain democracy would remain a utopian ideal. However, various mechanisms, by which this scenario could be addressed, could be devised and implemented. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin