Orientador: Sergio Ferraz Novaes / Banca: Maria Concepcion Gonzalez-Garcia / Banca: Ronald Cintra Shellard / Banca: Miriam Mendes Gandelman / Banca: Horatiu Stefan Nastase / Resumo: Apresentamos os resultados de uma busca por partículas exóticas que dão origem a um par VZ, onde V é um bóson W ou Z que decai hadronicamente em dois jatos sobrepostos enquanto o bóson Z decai em um par de elétrons ou múons. A análise usa dados de colisões próton-próton correspondentes a uma luminosidade integrada de 5 fb−1 coletados pelo experimento Compact Muon Solenoid no acelerador Large Hadron Collider a uma energia de centro de massa de 7 TeV em 2011. Não foram observados excessos significativos na distribuição de massa do parVZ em relação ao esperado pelos processos do Modelo Padrão. Dessa forma, limites superiores foram determinados, com 95% de confiança, para a seção de choque vezes a razão de ramificação de partículas hipotéticas decaindo no estado final VZ, em função da massa, em dois modelos de referência. Para ressonâncias de grávitons no modelo de Randall-Sundrum, com o parâmetro de acoplamentok/MPl= 0.05, massas no intervalo [750, 924] GeV/c2 são excluídas. Para bósons W no Modelo Padrão Sequencial, massas no intervalo [700, 929] GeV/c2 puderam ser excluídas. Esses são os primeiros resultados do LHC em buscas por ressonâncias decaindo em VZ, usando estados finais com um jato massivo de altíssimo momento transversal e um par de léptons / Abstract: A search for new exotic particles decaying to VZ was performed, where V is either aW or a Z boson decaying hadronically into two overlapping jets and the Z decays into a pair of electrons or muons. The analysis uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb−1 collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in 2011. No significant excess was observed in the mass distribution of the VZ candidates compared with the background expectation from Standard Model processes. Therefore, upper limits at the 95% confidence level were set on the product of the cross section times the branching fraction of hypothetical particles decaying to theVZ final state, as a function of the mass, in two benchmark models. In the Randall-Sundrum model for graviton resonances with k/MPl= 0.05, masses between 750 and 924 GeV/c2 were excluded. Sequential Standard ModelW bosons with masses between 700 and 929 GeV/c2 were also excluded. These are the first results from the LHC onVZ searches using final states with a boosted massive jet and a lepton pair / Doutor

Orientador: Manoel Roberto Robilotta / Banca: Fernando Silveira Navarro / Banca: Bruto Max Pimentel Escobar / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste no estudo do papel das simetrias quiral e de calibre eletromagnético, da constante 'g IND. A' e do tipo de acoplamento pion-núcleon em três processos: fotoprodução de um píon e de dois píons e interação fóton-núcleon. Os dois primeiros processos são tratados na aproximação em árvore, enquanto que no último são considerados também diagramas envolvendo um loop. O papel das simetrias é analisado investigando-se a existência de relações entre os vários diagramas de um dado processo. Já o papel do tipo de acoplamento pion-núcleon é analisado, comparando-se os resultados obtidos por meio de dois modelos de implementação da simetria quiral: o sigma linear e o não linear de Weinberg. Analogamente, o papel de 'g IND. A' é avaliado pela inspeção direta das expressões obtidas para os vários processos. Este estudo mostrou que, apenas no processo envolvendo dois píons externos a simetria quiral é relevante. Em particular, a simetria quiral é irrelevante para o fator de forma eletromagnético devido à nuvem piônica do núcleon, pelo menos no contexto das correções de um loop consideradas. Estes resultados constituem pontos de partida para o estudo mais abrangente do papel da simetria quiral em abordagens não perturbativas, tais como a do modelo de Skyrme / Abstract: In this Work we study the role played by chiral and electromagnetic gauge symmetries, the weak constant 'g IND. A' and pion-nucleon couplings in three processes; single and double pion photo production and photon-nucleon interaction. The first two of them are treated at tree levei, whereas the last one includes one loop corrections. The role of the symmetries is analyzed considering the existence of relationships among various diagrams contributing to a given process. The influence of the way pions couple to nucleons is studied by comparing results obtained by means of the linear sigma model and the non linear model proposed by Weinberg. Finally, the role of 'g IND. A' is assessed by direct inspection of formal expressions. Our study showed that chiral symmetry is relevant only for double pion photo production. In particular, chiral symmetry does not influence the pion cloud contribution to the electromagnetic nucleon form factor, at least within the one loop approximation considered. These results pave the way for more comprehensive studies of the role of chiral symmetry in non perturbative approaches, such as the Skyrme model / Mestre

Descrevemos as propriedades dos chamados operadores desordem ou de criacao de excitacoes topologicas no contexto da teoria quantica de campos no continuo. No caso de excitacoes do tipo vortice, no modelo de higgs abeliano em 2+1d, obtemos explicitamente as funcoes de correlacao assim como o espectro de massa, em t=0 e tDIFERENTE0, dessa excitacao topologica. A generalizacao para campos nao-locais de monopolos em 3+1d e para solitons em dimensao arbitraria e discutida assim como aplicacoes do formalismo de operadores ordem-desordem em teorias de bosonizacao e chern-simons. / The properties of the disorder or topological excitations creation operators in the context of continuum quantum field theory are described. In the Abelian Higgs Model in 2+ 1D, explicit expressions to the vortex correlation function and to the vortex mass spectrum at T=0 and T0 are obtained. Generalizations to nonlocal monopoles fields in 3+1D, solitons in arbitrary dimensions and applications of the order-disorder formalism to bosonization and Chern-Simons Theories are discussed.

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The present neutrino oscillation data are compatible with tri-bimaximal mixing, to leading order. The addition of an A₄ family symmetry and extended Higgs sector to the Standard Model can generate this mixing pattern, assuming the correct vacuum expectation value alignment of Higgs scalars. The effect of deviating this alignment is studied, for different types of A₄ models, with a phenomenological emphasis: the effect of perturbations on the model predictions for the neutrino oscillation and neutrino mass observables. The standard theoretical description of neutrino oscillations is presented, along with a summary of the past, present and future experimental efforts aimed at measuring the neutrino mixing parameters. Additionally, the current constraints on the sum of absolute neutrino masses and the amplitude for neutrinoless double beta decay, which is yet to be observed, are discussed. These constraints provide a model-independent test of family symmetery models. The Standard Model is reviewed, and extensions to the Standard Model such as the seesaw mechanism(s) are discussed: these are designed to endow neutrinos with mass, and can be incorporated into A₄ symmetry models. Models with different A₄ particle assignments are analysed for deviations from tribimaximal mixing. There are nine models presented in Chapter 5, with lepton doublets transforming as 3 (underlined) and right-handed charged leptons transforming as 1, 1', 1" (all underlined) ; five of these include right-handed neutrinos transforming as 3 (underlined) and make use of the seesaw mechanism. Chapter 6 contains the analysis of six models that assign all leptons to the 3 (underlined) representation, with four of these utilising the seesaw mechanism. The models are tested for any degree of fine tuning of the parameters that define the mass matrices. The effect of perturbations on the mixing angle observables, in particular sin² ∅₁₃ and sin² ∅₂₃, is studied, as well as the effect on the Jarlskog invariant, Jcp. Investigations of the (Mee)- ∑Mv parameter space allow for comparison with current data, and can lead to the possible exclusion of a particular model by constraints from future data.