Orientador: Fernando Aparecido Sigoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaspar_RafaelDiLazaro_M.pdf: 2421283 bytes, checksum: 826f5a4d6da00ce1a1f5a12699432d66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram estudadas a síntese e a caracterização de nanopartículas de óxido de gadolínio dopado com európio(III). Os óxidos de gadolínio foram obtidos pela termodecomposição dos precursores hidroxicarbonatos de gadolínio sintetizados a partir do método da precipitação homogênea, utilizando-se a termólise da uréia como fonte de íons OH e CO3. Modificou-se o método da precipitação homogênea através do uso de misturas água/etanol, água/etilenoglicol e água/terc-butanol nas proporções 80:20 e 60:40% v/v, e utilizou-se nitrato e cloreto como fonte das terras raras. As amostras de hidroxicarbonato e óxido obtidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho, análise elementar, difração de raios X, termogravimetria, espectroscopia de luminescência e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Pela espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho, observa-se que o íon carbonato está coordenado de forma bidentada ao metal, além da presença de moléculas de água nos precursores de hidroxicarbonato. A difratometria de raios X sugere indícios de mistura entre as composições (Gd2(OH)2(CO3)2.H2O) e (Gd(OH)(CO3).H2O) nos precursores, e os dados de análise térmica e a análise elementar corroboram estas observações. A termodecomposição dos precursores se dá através de uma reação topotática, resultando nas amostras de óxido de gadolínio com a manutenção da morfologia. Os óxidos cristalizam em uma estrutura cúbica de grupo espacial Ia-3, e os espectros vibracionais na região do infravermelho mostram que ocorre absorção de moléculas de CO2 e H2O na superfície. As propriedades luminescentes das amostras de óxido de gadolínio preparadas são atribuídas às transições intraconfiguracionais do íon európio(III). O tamanho médio de partícula das amostras de óxido varia em função do tamanho médio dos respectivos precursores. Parâmetros como a constante dielétrica do meio, a taxa de termodecomposição da uréia, a estabilização dos núcleos de precipitação e a viscosidade das soluções atuam conjuntamente na precipitação das amostras de hidroxicarbonato de gadolínio / Abstract: This work reports on the synthesis and characterization of europium(III)-doped gadolinium oxide and its particle size control. The europium(III)-doped gadolinium oxide samples were obtained by thermodecomposition of the hydroxycarbonate precursors prepared by the homogeneous precipitation method. Water/alcohol mixtures, in the ratio of 80:20 and 60:40% v/v, were used to modify the reaction media where the precipitation occurs. Gadolinium and europium nitrate and chloride were used as rare earth sources. Characterization of both, the precursor gadolinium hydroxycarbonate, and the gadolinium oxide were performed by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X ray diffractometry, thermogravimetry, luminescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Infrared spectra show that the carbonate ion is bidentate when coordinating the gadolinium ions and that water molecules are present in the hydroxycarbonte samples. A mixture of (Gd2(OH)2(CO3)2.H2O) and (Gd(OH)(CO3).H2O) in the precursors is suggested by X ray diffractometry, in agreement with the elemental analysis and thermo gravimetric data. The thermodecomposition of the precursors occurs through a topotatical reaction, resulting in the gadolinium oxide samples with similar morphology to the precursor. The gadolinium oxide crystallizes in the cubic phase with spatial group Ia-3. The infrared spectra of the oxides indicate a possible absorption of water and carbon dioxide molecules on the oxide nanoparticles surface. The luminescent properties of the oxide samples were attributed to intraconfigurational transitions of the europium(III) ion. The oxide mean particle size is function of the mean particle size of its respective precursor. It was observed that reaction parameters such as dielectric constant of the reaction media, the urea thermodecomposition rate, the stabilization of the nuclei during the precipitation and the reaction media viscosities seem to control the particle mean size of europium(III)- doped gadolinium oxide / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

L'objectif de cette étude est de développer une méthodologie permettant de déterminer et de mettre en \oe{}uvre les conditions opératoires optimales du procédé fed-batch de copolymérisation en émulsion du styrène et de l'acrylate de butyle en présence d'un agent de transfert de chaîne (CTA). Elle vise particulièrement à optimiser la production et les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de particules de latex à propriétés d'usage ciblées. Après une étude expérimentale de l'impact des différents facteurs, le modèle mathématique du procédé a été développé traduisant l'effet particulier de l'agent de transfert de chaîne sur la cinétique de polymérisation et mettant l'accent sur une les bilans de population. Une approche basée sur l'analyse de l'estimabilité des paramètres a ensuite permis de sélectionner 21 paramètres parmi les 49 paramètres du modèle mathématique dont les valeurs ont été identifiées grâce à un algorithme génétique. Le modèle mathématique validé en modes batch et fed-batch a ensuite été exploité pour l'optimisation multicritère du procédé orientée vers la maximisation de la production de particules de latex possédant une morphologie de type coeur-écorce avec un profil de température de transition vitreuse prédéfini. L'ensemble des solutions du front de Pareto a été obtenu grâce à un algorithme évolutionnaire développé et testé à cet effet. La meilleure alternative obtenue grâce à un outil d'aide à la décision a été implémentée expérimentalement et comparée avec succès aux prédictions du modèle mathématique / The objective of this study is to develop a methodology in order to determine and implement the optimal operating conditions of the emulsion fed-batch copolymerization process of styrene and butyl acrylate in the presence of a chain transfer agent. It particularly aims to optimize the production and the physico-chemical characteristics of latex particles with targeted end-use properties. After an experimental study, the process model has been developed taking into account the particular effect of the chain transfer agent on the polymerization kinetic and highlights the population balance. Thanks to an estimability analysis approach, 21 parameters among the 49 parameters of the model have been selected whose values have been identified by using a genetic algorithm. The mathematical model validated in both batch and fed-batch modes was then exploited for the multicriteria optimization of the process oriented towards the maximization of the production of latex particles having a core-shell type morphology with a given glass transition temperature profile. The Pareto's front solutions were obtained thanks to an evolutionary algorithm developed and tested for this purpose. The best alternative obtained by a decision-making aid tool was finally experimentally implemented and successfully compared with the predictions of the mathematical model