L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir la chorégraphie de ségrégation des deux chromosomes circulaires de Vibrio cholerae, c’est à dire le positionnement de l’information génétique au cours de la croissance de la cellule, ainsi que les mécanismes dirigeant ces ségrégations. Il a longtemps été supposé que les bactéries étaient trop petites pour avoir une organisation intra-cellulaire, et le manque de techniques appropriées ne permettait pas d’infirmer cette hypothèse. Or la taille des chromosomes comparée à celle de la bactérie impose une compaction et aujourd’hui, de nouvelles techniques de microscopie et d’analyse génétique permettent d’affirmer que les chromosomes bactériens étudiés jusqu’à maintenant ont tous une organisation et une chorégraphie de ségrégation précises et différentes selon les espèces. Toutes les espèces étudiées à ce jour ont un chromosome circulaire unique : la réplication du chromosome commence à une origine unique bidirectionnelle, les deux fourches de réplication se déplacent le long des deux bras de réplication (ou réplichores) et finissent la réplication au terminus, diamétralement à l’opposée de l’origine de réplication sur la carte du chromosome. Peu d’espèces ont été étudiées, et Vibrio cholerae émerge progressivement comme un nouveau modèle : son génome est réparti sur deux chromosomes, et la chorégraphie de plusieurs chromosomes dans une cellule n’a jamais été décrite. De plus, cette espèce semble être au croisement évolutif entre Caulobacter crescentus et Escherichia coli : Vibrio cholerae a d’une part une morphologie en croissant, des systèmes de partition aux origines et un positionnement de l’origine du chromosome I, semblables à C. crescentus, et d’autre part un système de compaction du terminus et un set de gènes impliqués dans la maintenance du chromosome ayant co-évolué, qu’on ne retrouve que dans peu d’espèces proches d’E. coli. Une autre caractéristique intéressante de V. cholerae est que le chromosome II semble avoir été acquis récemment et n’est donc peut être pas gouverné par les mêmes mécanismes que le chromosome I, comme en témoignent le positionnement de son origine et son terminus, inédits pour des chromosomes bactériens. Parmi les Vibrios (environ 60 espèces principalement retrouvées dans les environnements aquatiques), certaines espèces sont des pathogènes dévastateurs pour les poissons, le corail, les crustacés ou les fruits de mer. Mais la plus documentée est Vibrio cholerae, car elle provoque chez l’Humain une maladie provoquée par l’ingestion d’eau contaminée qui peut être mortelle si le patient n’est pas réhydraté à temps. Bien que facilement traitable, le choléra fait encore de nombreuses victimes dans les pays en développement où les structures de santé et les règles d’hygiène font parfois défaut. Ainsi l’étude de Vibrio cholerae présente un intérêt médical, mais également par extension aux autres Vibrios, un intérêt environnemental non négligeable. / The aim of this thesis is to define the segregation choreography of the two circular chromosomes of Vibrio cholerae, which is the positionning of the genetic information during cell growth, as well as the mecanisms directing those segregations. It was supposed for a long time that bacteria were too small to have a intra-cellular organization and the lack of appropriate tools could not prove this hypothesis wrong. The size of the chromosomes compared to the size of the cell means there has to be a compaction and today, new tools for microscopy and genetic analysis allow us to affirm that all bacterial chromosomes studied so far have an organization and a segregation choreography which are precise and different between specie. Most bacterial specie studied to this day have a unique circular chromosome : the replication of the chromosome starts at a unique and bidirectionnal origin, both replication forks move along the two replication arms (or replichores) and end the replication at the terminus which is diametrically to the opposite of the origin on the chromosome map. A few specie have been studied, and Vibrio cholerae progressively emerges as a new model : its genome is divided between two chromosomes, and the choreography of several chromosomes in a cell has never been described. Moreover, this species seems to be at the crossover between Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli : Vibrio cholerae as on one hand, a crescent shape, partition systems positionned at both origins and a positionning of the chromosome I origin similar to C. crescentus, and on the other hand a compaction system of the terminus and a set of genes involved on the maintenance of chromosomes that one only finds in very few specie closely related to E. coli. An other interesting characteristic of V. cholerae is that the chromosome II seems to have been acquired recently and thus might not be governed by the same mecanisms as the chromosome I, as shown by the positionning of its origin and terminus which are completely new to bacterial chromosomes. Among Vibrios (about 60 species mostly found in aquatic environments), some species are devastating pathogens for fish, coral, crustacean and shellfish. But the most documented one is Vibrio cholerae, because it induces a disease in humans caused by the ingestion of contaminated water, which can be deadly if the patient is not rehydrated on time. Although easily treatable, cholera still makes a lot of victims in developing countries where health structures and basic hygiene sometimes lack dramatically. The study of Vibrio cholerae has a medical interest, but also by extention to other Vibrios, a non-negligible environmental interest.

P1 is a low copy number plasmid that uses a dedicated partition system that actively ensures each daughter cell inherits a copy of the plasmid. P1 plasmid partition is a positioning reaction, ensuring that each plasmid copy is correctly localized to the one-quarter and three-quarter position or midcell in an E. coli cell prior to partition. The factors involved in this positioning process are not well understood. I utilized cell biology techniques and E. coli mukB mutants that produce cells with chromosomal condensation defects to study the role of the bacterial chromosome and P1 ParA as possible localization signals. P1 plasmid prefers to localize to the bacterial nucleoid even when the chromosome is perturbed. ParA is necessary for plasmid localization to the chromosome. In this study, live cell microscopy analysis of ParA indicates that an interaction between P1 ParA and the E. coli nucleoid may underlie the localization mechanism of the plasmid partition system.

P1 is a low copy number plasmid that uses a dedicated partition system that actively ensures each daughter cell inherits a copy of the plasmid. P1 plasmid partition is a positioning reaction, ensuring that each plasmid copy is correctly localized to the one-quarter and three-quarter position or midcell in an E. coli cell prior to partition. The factors involved in this positioning process are not well understood. I utilized cell biology techniques and E. coli mukB mutants that produce cells with chromosomal condensation defects to study the role of the bacterial chromosome and P1 ParA as possible localization signals. P1 plasmid prefers to localize to the bacterial nucleoid even when the chromosome is perturbed. ParA is necessary for plasmid localization to the chromosome. In this study, live cell microscopy analysis of ParA indicates that an interaction between P1 ParA and the E. coli nucleoid may underlie the localization mechanism of the plasmid partition system.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

在這篇論文裡，我們將要討論一類古典的問題，這類問題已經經由許多方法解決，例如：遞迴關係式、差分方程式、尤拉公式等等。接著我們歸納低維度的特性，並藉由定義出一組方程式-標準n維空間分割系統-來推廣這些特性到一般的$n$維度空間中。然後我們利用演算法來提供一個更直接的組合論證法。最後，我們會把問題再細分成有界區域與無界區域的個數。 / In this article, we will discuss a class of classical questions had been solved by Recurrence Relation, Difference Equation, and Euler's Formula, etc.. And then, we construct a system of equations -Standard Partition System of n-Dimensional Space- to generalize the properties of maximizing the number of regions made up by k partitioner in an n-dimensional space and look into the construction of each dimension. Also, we provide a more directly Combinatorial Argument by Algorithm for this kind of question. At last, we focus on the number of bounded regions and unbounded regions in sense of maximizing the number of regions.