La corrida a motivé de nombreuses oeuvres d’artistes d’horizons et d’époques distincts, notamment depuis la période romantique. Aujourd’hui, la tauromachie est aussi bien associée à un sujet désuet, telle l’espagnolade, qu’à l’oeuvre majeure d’artistes aussi emblématiques que Goya ou Picasso. Mais la corrida est également la représentation de la violence, d’une pratique souvent perçue comme barbare, en même temps qu’une iconographie riche de sens par laquelle des artistes ont évoqué les maux de leur époque et tendu à l’homme le miroir de ses passions. Cet aspect naît avec l’oeuvre taurine de Goya – père de la représentation moderne de la tauromachie –, où le sujet devient grave, dramatique, dépouillé de ses détails anecdotiques, un sujet dont la portée devient parfois politique. C’est toute cette complexité, cette richesse et cette pluralité des regards portés sur la représentation artistique de la corrida que cette étude met en lumière. De la tauromachie en peinture : usages et imaginaires de Goya à Albarracín s’organise en trois temps. D’abord, l’étude de l’image de la corrida prise pour elle-même, ainsi que l’analyse des éléments qui en déterminent la réception. Ensuite, la mise en perspective historique des oeuvres dédiées à la tauromachie. Enfin, l’analyse des mythes auxquels l’image de la corrida peut être rattachée, et la définition de la poétique aux origines de nombre de ses représentations – où la corrida ne vise plus au local, mais à l’universel. L’appréhension de ses différentes strates et de la façon dont elles s’imbriquent, permet de comprendre l’intérêt des artistes pour la corrida. Dès lors, celle-ci acquiert dans la pratique artistique, par la poétique qui la meut, une dimension à la fois historique et universelle, lui faisant aborder les interrogations propres à la condition humaine. / The corrida has inspired numerous works of art by artists from different times and horizons, in particular from the romantic period onwards. Today tauromachy or bullfighting is both associated with out-of-date subjects such as the españolada (clichés about Spain or Spanish subjects) and major artworks by emblematic artists such as Goya or Picasso. But the corrida is also a representation of violence, a practice often considered to be barbarous ; at the same time it has been a rich iconography by which artists have portrayed the evils of their time and held out a mirror in which men could see their passions. This aspect began with Goya’s bullfighting works (Goya is considered the father of the modern representation of tauromachy). In the latter, the subject became serious, dramatic, stripped of its anecdotal details, a subject which sometimes had political ramifications. This study reveals the complexity, the richness and the plurality of representations of the art of bullfighting. Of tauromachy in painting : uses, customs and imaginary from Goya to Albarracin is divided up into three movements. Firstly, a study of the image of the corrida taken in and of itself, as well as an analysis of the elements which determine how it is perceived. Secondly, works dedicated to tauromachy are put into historical perspective. Lastly, an analysis of the myths the image of the corrida can be associated with, and the definition of the poetics at the origin of a number of these representations, in which the corrida no longer aims at the local but the universal. Understanding these different strata and the way they are involved in one another, allows us to understand why artists were interested in the art of bullfighting. From this point onwards, through art and the poetics which motivate these works, the corrida takes on both a historical and a universal dimension, which allows it to address questions belonging to the human condition.

Pas de résumé en français / The goal of our studies was to test the effect of segmentation, cueing, and 2D/3D presentations to foster complex animation rocessing. The material was an upright mechanical piano system. We used an eye tracking system which provides information about learners’ attention direction during the animation processing. We analyzed the effect of the format presentations and the eye movements during learning. Based on animation and multimedia research background, four experiments were conducted. In the first experiment the effect of the presentation of simplified external representations on learning from complex animation was investigated. Experiment two and three aimed at studying the cognitive processes involved in learning to complex mechanism system with new cueing techniques with spatial-temporal colored tokens. In the fourth experiment, 2D and 3D presentation of the same animated content were compared. Results of these experiments showed that (1) the use of a dual format presentation is better for developing a dynamic mental model from the animation than a single format, (2) the signaling strategies using cued tokens of dual format can guide efficiently learner’s building of mental model and can enhance learner’s comprehension of complex system, (3) a sequential format presentation followed by an animation format presentation helps the learner to understand the key stages of a dynamic process and to create a high quality mental model, (4) 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation presentation to direct attention on relevant component of the animation. For depth processing, comprehension with 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation format. Eye tracking measures provided insights into how people understood and learned complex systems. The analysis of eye tracking also contributed to the understanding of the subject’s perceptual processing during learning. Overall, results provide a significant contribution in the field of learning with complex animation. Recommendations in the ergonomics area for the design of animations are proposed.