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Pathways to Sustainability in Community-Led Total Sanitation. Experiences from Madhya Pradesh and Himachal PradeshHueso González, Andrés 29 July 2013 (has links)
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) es un enfoque de saneamiento basado en la facilitación participativa para que las comunidades rurales analicen su situación sanitaria y los riesgos de la defecación al aire libre. Así, se genera un deseo por parte de la
comunidad de pasar a la acción y convertirse en un lugar libre de defecación al aire libre (ODF - open defecation free). El enfoque CLTS ha demostrado ser más efectivo que enfoques pasados y se ha expandido rápidamente por todo el mundo. En la India,
donde se concentran más de la mitad de los defecadores al aire libre del mundo, el CLTS se enfrenta a ciertas dificultades, principalmente debido a la incompatibilidad con la campaña de saneamiento del gobierno indio, pero existen algunas áreas dónde sí
ha podido ser introducido con cierto éxito. Por otro lado, existen evidencias de comunidades ¿tanto en India como en otros
lugares¿ que vuelven a defecar al aire libre después de haber sido declaradas ODF. Esto plantea preguntas importantes en relación a la sostenibilidad de los resultados del CLTS.
Para arrojar luz sobre estas cuestiones, esta tesis pretende explorar cómo contribuyó la introducción del CLTS en Madhya Pradesh (MP) y Himachal Pradesh (HP) al saneamiento sostenible, teniendo en cuenta tanto el proceso político que determinó la
intervención en lo local, como losmecanismos a través de los que dicha intervención contribuyó al saneamiento sostenible. Para
ello, utilizo un marco analítico inspirado en el Pathways Approach, donde la sostenibilidad es entendida desde una perspectiva
dinámica y nomativa (que se mantenga el estatus ODF con mayor justicia social) y donde se da relevancia a los procesos políticos
entorno a la sostenibilidad, incluyendo narrativas, agentes e intereses políticos. Utilizo tres casos de estudio: Khandwa district
(MP), Mandi district (HP) y Budni block (MP). La metodología es predominantemente cualitativa, basada en entrevistas a todos
los niveles administrativos y en trabajo de campo intensivo, incluyendo visitas cortas a múltiples comunidades y estudios en
profundidad en una comunidad en cada caso de estudio.
Las evidencias varían para cada caso. En Khandwa district, el CLTS fue introducido en 2007. Pero debido a la presión por parte
del estado (MP) para conseguir premios de saneamiento y los intereses creados a nivel local, se acabó utilizando un enfoque
mixto, con herramientas participativas del CLTS, pero basado en la construcción de letrinas subsidiadas. El desigual progreso
inicial no se mantuvo, y muchas familias volvieron a defecar al aire libre al cabo de un tiempo. Las principales causas fueron la
falta de apropiación, la baja calidad de construcción y la falta de interés tras la obtención de los premios y el traslado administrativo de quienes lideraron la introducción del CLTS. En Mandi district, con una política estatal (HP) favorable y el apoyo de una
ONG local, autoridades motivadas con el saneamiento iniciaron en 2006 una campaña inspirada en los principios del CLTS, pero
usando teatro comunitario y visitas puerta a puerta en lugar de las herramientas del CLTS. El uso de letrinas creció radicalmente
y se ha mantenido, cambiando la percepción social sobre el saneamiento. En Budni block (MP), un impulsor del CLTS se convirtió
en máxima autoridad administrativa del bloque. Su experiencia y el apoyo de UNICEF contrarrestaron intereses opuestos y permitieron la puesta en marcha a finales de 2010 de una campaña coherente con el CLTS. Se realizaron facilitaciones en numerosas comunidades, que formaron comités de saneamiento para hacer sus comunidades ODF. Aunque aún en una fase inicial, se
pudo observar que la campaña estaba contribuyendo al cambio de comportamiento colectivo en una parte considerable de las
comunidades.
Cabe extraer una serie de conclusiones a partir de estas evidencias. En primer lugar, la campaña de saneamiento de la India se
implementa de forma vertical y sin tener en cuenta la demanda local, en contra de las directrices oficiales. Esto se debe a intereses de distintos actores: clientelismo político, inercia tecnocrática o rendición de cuentas mal orientada. Todo ello afecta también al CLTS, haciendo complicada su introducción a escala: los intereses opuestos pueden dar lugar a enfoques mixtos y resultados pobres. Pero cuando los agentes que impulsan el CLTS tienen el poder y el compromiso suficientes, son capaces de lograr
intervenciones coherentes, con sobresalientes resultados. Lo que hace que las intervenciones sean exitosas es que las comunidades se apropien del problema del saneamiento, trabajen en comités para acabar con la defecación al aire libre y logren hacer
prevalecer la perspectiva colectiva sobre el saneamiento. La facilitación mediante CLTS ¿pero también otras herramientas basadas en las emociones, como el teatro comunitario¿ pueden movilizar a un grupo de personas para formar un comité. Sin embargo, se trata solo de un primer paso dentro del largo y difícil proceso de cambiar la perspectiva social de saneamiento, por lo que
dicho comité necesitará un apoyo adecuado. Además, las comunidades suelen presentar diversidad y fuertes brechas sociales,
faltando pues un sentimiento de unidad. Así, la inclusión de todos los grupos en la facilitación y en los comités se convierte en
un elemento crucial para alcanzar a toda la comunidad. De la misma manera, no se puede dar por descontado que las familias
más necesitadas vayan a recibir ayuda de otras familias, sino que se deberá promover. Finalmente, se ha observado que por
falta de apoyo técnico existen de diseños de letrina ineficientes que afectan a la sostenibilidad y pueden provocar riesgos sanitarios. En cualquier caso, cuando la perspectiva colectiva de saneamiento se asienta en una comunidad, muchos de los desafíos
que aparecen reciben una respuesta adecuada. / Hueso González, A. (2013). Pathways to Sustainability in Community-Led Total Sanitation. Experiences from Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31520
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A qualitative analysis of womens' experiences before, during and after imprisonment in South AfricaAgboola, Caroline Aderonke 11 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experiences of South African women prior to, during and after incarceration. The theoretical bases for this study include the general strain theory (GST), feminist pathways approach and Goffman’s “total institutions”. The study made use of a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty female ex-prisoners, who were selected using snowball sampling, to obtain information about their experiences during the periods indicated. The findings of the study indicated that, in respect of the three periods mentioned, the participants cited their experiences during incarceration as the most prominent as they tended to dwell more on this phase of their lives than any other phase. This is, in fact, not surprising as their narratives portrayed their lives behind bars as having been traumatic with far-reaching consequences for their lives after their incarceration. The study found that some of the participants had histories of emotional and physical abuse before their offending behaviours. It emerged that consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in South African prisons exist and that these relationships are, sometimes, accepted by the family members of the female inmates. The participants reported that coercive sexual relationships also take place in female prisons in South Africa. It was also reported that the conditions under which females are incarcerated are, for the most part, deplorable. It emerged that the female prisoners use a unique monetary system which is based mainly on the trade by barter system. In addition, the findings revealed that female inmates often experience daunting challenges upon their release from prison, including high rates of unemployment, stigma and discrimination, family breakdown and the psychological effects of imprisonment, all of which often compound the resolve of some of the participants to live crime-free lives. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)
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A qualitative analysis of womens' experiences before, during and after imprisonment in South AfricaAgboola, Caroline Aderonke 11 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experiences of South African women prior to, during and after incarceration. The theoretical bases for this study include the general strain theory (GST), feminist pathways approach and Goffman’s “total institutions”. The study made use of a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty female ex-prisoners, who were selected using snowball sampling, to obtain information about their experiences during the periods indicated. The findings of the study indicated that, in respect of the three periods mentioned, the participants cited their experiences during incarceration as the most prominent as they tended to dwell more on this phase of their lives than any other phase. This is, in fact, not surprising as their narratives portrayed their lives behind bars as having been traumatic with far-reaching consequences for their lives after their incarceration. The study found that some of the participants had histories of emotional and physical abuse before their offending behaviours. It emerged that consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in South African prisons exist and that these relationships are, sometimes, accepted by the family members of the female inmates. The participants reported that coercive sexual relationships also take place in female prisons in South Africa. It was also reported that the conditions under which females are incarcerated are, for the most part, deplorable. It emerged that the female prisoners use a unique monetary system which is based mainly on the trade by barter system. In addition, the findings revealed that female inmates often experience daunting challenges upon their release from prison, including high rates of unemployment, stigma and discrimination, family breakdown and the psychological effects of imprisonment, all of which often compound the resolve of some of the participants to live crime-free lives. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)
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Mothers behind bars : challenges experienced relating to child care during incarceration / Abantu baqala ibhayi : izinselele ezikhululekile ngokukhetha kwabantu ngokwenzeka / Abantu abakhululela ibhayibhile : iingxoxo ezibenzelekileyo ngokubhalwa kwabantwana ngokwenzekaDeonarain, Sharona 19 January 2021 (has links)
Abstract in English, Zulu and Xhosa / The study’s intent is to explore challenges experienced by incarcerated mothers relating to childcare, based at the Durban Westville Correctional Centre. The theoretic framework of this study encompasses the Relational Theory, the Gendered Pathways Theory, and the General Strain Theory. This research utilises the qualitative research technique. Semi-structured, open-ended interviewing was concluded with 15 incarcerated mothers based at the Durban Westville Correctional Centre using the probability sampling technique.The relationship between a mother and her children is of paramount importance, even for incarcerated mothers. However, incarcerated mothers are unable to tend to their childcare responsibilities due to their physical and emotional limitations presented by incarceration. Incarcerated mothers in this study expressed their challenges experienced and their need for rehabilitation programmes to help them mitigate their childcare challenges. The research reveals that some of the incarcerated mothers have experienced traumatic backgrounds inclusive of emotional strains, financial impediments, verbal abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse prior to their incarceration. Their challenges exacerbate whilst incarcerated and literature referred to denotes that their challenges continue post-release. Rehabilitation and reintegration of the offender have become the primary focus for the Department of Correctional Services seeing that its scope of service has shifted from a system of “control” to that of rehabilitation.
The study indicates gaps in the rehabilitation programmes offered by the Department. Further, the study intends to make recommendations to the Department of Correctional Services on implementing rehabilitation programmes that aid and support a healthy mother and child bond. Such programmes would assist by enlightening, educating and encouraging incarcerated mothers to tighten and protect unions with their children and for the Department to offer special visitation programmes that aid such a process / Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola izinselele ezitholwa omama ababoshiwe ngokuphathelene nokunakekelwa kwezingane, esekelwe eThekwini West Correctional Centre. Uhlaka lwama-theoretic walolu cwaningo luhlanganisa i-Theory Theory, i-Gendered Pathways Theory, ne-General Strain Theory. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa indlela yokucwaninga yekhwalithi. Izingxoxo ezinemihlangano evulekile, evuliwe ziphelile nabomama abangu-15 ababoshiwe base-Durban Westville Correctional Centre basebenzisa inqubo yokwenza isampula.
Ubuhlobo phakathi komama nezingane zakhe bubaluleke kakhulu, ngisho nakumama ababoshiwe. Kodwa-ke, omama ababoshiwe abakwazi ukuthambekela emithwalweni yabo yokunakekelwa kwengane ngenxa yokwehluleka kwabo ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo okuvezwe ukuboshwa. Owesifazane abangenalutho kulolu cwaningo babonisa izinselele zabo abahlangabezana nazo kanye nesidingo sabo sokuvuselela izinhlelo zokusiza ekunciphiseni izinselelo zabo zokunakekela izingane. Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi abanye omama ababoshiwe baye babhekana nezizinda ezibuhlungu ezihlanganisa izinkinga zomzwelo, izithiyo zemali, ukuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi, ukuxhashazwa ngokomzimba nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwabo. Izinselelo zabo zikhungatheka kanti iziboshwa ezibhekiswe kuzo zikhomba ukuthi izinselele zabo ziqhubeka nokukhululwa. Ukuvuselelwa nokubuyiselwa kabusha kwalowo owenze iphutha kuye kwaba yiyona ndlela eyinhloko eMnyangweni Wezokwelulekwa Kwezempilo ngokubona ukuthi izinga labo lensizakalo lishintshile ohlelweni "lokulawula" kulokho lokuvuselelwa.
Ucwaningo lubonisa izikhala ezinhlelweni zokuvuselela ezinikezwe uMnyango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukwenza izincomo eMnyangweni Wezokwelulekwa Kwezokuqondisa ekusetshenzisweni izinhlelo zokuvuselela ezisiza nokusekela ukuboshwa komama nengane. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zizosiza ekukhanyiseni, ekufundiseni nasekukhuthazeni omama ababoshiwe ukuqinisa nokuvikela izinyunyana nezingane zabo kanye noMnyango ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuvakashelwa ezisiza. / Injongo yesifundo kukuphanda iingxaki ezinokubanjwa koomama abavalelwe ngokubhekiselele ekunakekeleni abantwana, esekelwe kwi-Durban West Correctional Centre. Isikhokelo sobugcisa beli phofu siquka iNkcazo yobudlelwane, iNkcazelo yeGendered Ways, kunye ne-General Strain Theory. Olu phando lusebenzisa ubuchule bokuphanda. Iingxowa-ndlebe ezivulekileyo, ezivulekileyo zagqitywa kunye noomama abathunjiweyo aba-15 basekelwe e-Durban West Correctional Centre basebenzisa ubuchule bokuncedisa. Ubudlelwane phakathi koomama nabantwana bakhe bubaluleke kakhulu, kwanokuba boomama abavalelwe. Nangona kunjalo, oomama abavalelwa bengenakukwazi ukunyamekela uxanduva lwabo lokunakekela abantwana ngenxa yokunciphisa ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo owenziwe ngokubanjwa. Oomama abangabandakanyekanga kulolu cwaningo babonisa imingeni yabo kunye neemfuno zabo zokuphucula iinkqubo zokubanceda ukunciphisa imingeni yokunakekela abantwana. Uphando luyabonisa ukuba abanye babamama abavalelwe bavaleleke kwimvelaphi ephazamisayo, kuquka imingcipheko yemvakalelo, iimingcipheko zemali, ukuxhaphazwa ngamagama, ukusetyenziswa kakubi ngokomzimba nokuxhaphazwa ngokwesondo ngaphambi kokuvalelwa. Imingeni yabo inzima xa iboshwe kunye neencwadi ezibhekiswe kuzo zibonisa ukuba imingeni yabo iyaqhubeka yokukhululwa. Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona nokubuyiswa kwakhona komenzi wesono kuye kwaba yintloko ekujoliswe kuyo kwiSebe leeNkonzo zoLuleko ekuboneni ukuba ububanzi beenkonzo sele buyekelele kwinkqubo "yokulawula" leyo yokubuyiswa.
Uphononongo lubonisa izikhala kwiiprogram zokuvuselela ezinikezelwa liSebe. Ukuqhubela phambili, isifundo sinenjongo yokwenza iingcebiso kwiSebe leeNkonzo zoLuleko ekuphunyezweni iinkqubo zokubuyisela ukuxhasa nokuxhasa unxibelelwano lomama nomntwana. Ezi nkqubo zinokuncedisa ngokukhanyisa, ukufundisa nokukhuthaza oomama abavalelwe ukuqinisa kunye nokukhusela iimanyano nabantwana babo kunye neSebe ukwenzela iinkqubo zokutyelela ezikhethekileyo. / Corrections Management / M.A. (Correctional Management)
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