Le développement à l'ère du numérique pourrait devenir très complexe alors que les données et les informations disponibles sont en "obésité" croissante. L'information provient du monde entier et il est nécessaire de l’adapter pour telle ou telle région. C’est pourquoi il est important de pouvoir filtrer l'information. Dans les pays en développement, beaucoup d'internautes considèrent Internet comme le media social (Surman, 2017) alors que beaucoup de jeunes des pays développés sont incapables de distinguer contenus promotionnels, articles ou annonces de leurs résultats de recherches (Shellenbarger, 2016). Comment filtrer les données et les informations nécessaires, en particulier dans les pays en développement ? L'utilisation de moteurs par grappes et d’index de bases de données d'enquêtes méthodologiques via le Web 2.0 (Jacques et al, 2009) pourrait être une alternative pour les pays en développement, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les coûts, ainsi que l’utilisation de la documentation de recherche gouvernementale, en particulier française et américaine, comme celle d’organisations utilisant le numérique comme Fablab, Rempli, Lilan, NREN, Mozilla Foundation, Code.org, AP4DE. La collaboration entre chercheurs pour une technologie appropriée serait possible par-delà les mers (en particulier en Indonésie), par exemple l'expérience Long ranch Wifi au Venezuela qui relie des points distants de 237 miles. L'apprentissage de l'information numérique pourrait commencer dans l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que le paradigme de l'apprentissage doit préparer les contenus et les infrastructures. L’amélioration des logiciels Epsbed et Pdpt du Ministère de l’Education Supérieure de l’Indonésie (Dikti) devrait permettre d’accomplir le programme PHK A-1 et d’établir un nouveau programme d'études à l’Université de Manado en utilisant l'intelligence économique (programme de coopération avec AMU). Dans l’apprentissage s’applique cette maxime de sagesse française : si vous voulez voir plus loin, aller plus haut. Globalement liée aux TIC, l'infrastructure SEA-ME-WE 5 relie l’Indonésie et la France par un réseau de fibre optique. / Developing in this digital era could be highly complex while the data and information available are in “obesity” ever. Information comes from all over the world and the need to apply in the region. In this case, it is important to filter the information; situation in developing country many internet user think that social media is the internet (Surman, 2017) and many young people in developed country cannot distinguished promotional content from news article or ads from search result (Shellenbarger, 2016). How to filter the needed data and information especially in developing country? Using Clustering Engine and Methodology Survey Database Index via Web 2.0 (Jacques et al, 2009) could be alternative way for developing country, especially from the cost side. Research Documentation from government like Gouvernement Francaise and US are no doubt, and also learn from initiative organization that based on digital like Fablab, Rempli, Lilan, NREN, Mozilla Foundation, Code.org, AP4DE. Collaboration between researchers for propitiate technology are very possible across the sea (especially in Indonesia), for example the experiment long ranch Wifi in Venezuela that connect 237 miles distance. Digital information learning could begin at higher education while the paradigm in learning needs to prepare well the content and also infrastructures. Win the PHK A-1 and established the new study program at Unima using Competitive Intelligence (program cooperate with AMU), must fix the Epsbed, Pdpt report to Dikti. In learning, wise French word: si vous voulez voir plus loin, aller plus haut. Globally related to ICT, SEA-ME-WE 5 infrastructure, connect fiber optic from Indonesia to French.

A performance de células a combustível de membrana de troca polimérica (PEMFC) alimentadas com hidrogênio contaminado com CO foi investigada para ânodos com eletrocatalisadores de PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C em diferentes proporções. Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados por energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX) e difração de raios-X (DRX). As propriedades eletrônicas da Pt foram analisadas por espectroscopia de absorção de raios-X (XAS) na região de XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure). As avaliações do desempenho eletroquímico foram feitas através do levantamento sistemático de curvas de polarização de estado estacionário, voltametria cíclica e stripping de CO em células a combustível unitárias. Também foram feitas medidas de espectrometria eletroquímica diferencial de massas para avaliar o monitoramento de CO2 (massa/carga 44). Foi observada uma pequena diminuição da magnitude da linha branca nos espectros para as ligas PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C quando comparados com Pt/C, sendo que este fenômeno foi atribuído a um aumento de ocupação da banda Pt 5d. Melhores resultados com relação a tolerância ao CO da reação de oxidação de hidrogênio foram obtidos para os catalisadores PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C quando comparados com Pt e Pd puros. Nenhum efeito sinérgico favorável foi observado com a adição de Ru. O monitoramento de CO2 nos experimentos de espectrometria de massas (DEMS), enquanto as células eram alimentadas com H2 + 100 ppm CO, mostrou aumento na quantidade de formação deste produto somente para ânodos contendo PdPtRu/C e nenhuma formação de CO2 do início ao final das variações de potenciais nos casos dos eletrodos contendo PdPt/C. / The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fed with CO-contaminated hydrogen was investigated for anodes with PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C electrocatalysts at different ratios. The produced materials were characterized by energy dispersive (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electronics properties of Pt were analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the region. Evaluations of the electrochemical performance were carried out by steady state single cell polarization measurements, cyclic voltammetry and the CO-stripping techniques. Measurements of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) were carried out to evaluate the CO2 (mass 44) formation. A small reduction of the white line magnitude was in the XANES spectro for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C alloys when compared with Pt/C. This phenomenon was assigned for the increase of occupation of the Pt 5d band. Higher CO-tolerances were obtained for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C catalysts when compared with those for pure Pd/C and Pt/C. No favorable synergistic effect occurred with Ru addition in the electrode performance for the PEMFC fed with H2+100 ppm CO. The CO2 (mass 44) monitoring with DEMS experiments with the cells fed with H2+100 ppm CO showed the formation of this product only to PdPtRu/C, while no CO2 formation could be detected from beginning to end potential in the cases of Pd/C and PdPt/C.

A performance de células a combustível de membrana de troca polimérica (PEMFC) alimentadas com hidrogênio contaminado com CO foi investigada para ânodos com eletrocatalisadores de PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C em diferentes proporções. Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados por energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX) e difração de raios-X (DRX). As propriedades eletrônicas da Pt foram analisadas por espectroscopia de absorção de raios-X (XAS) na região de XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure). As avaliações do desempenho eletroquímico foram feitas através do levantamento sistemático de curvas de polarização de estado estacionário, voltametria cíclica e stripping de CO em células a combustível unitárias. Também foram feitas medidas de espectrometria eletroquímica diferencial de massas para avaliar o monitoramento de CO2 (massa/carga 44). Foi observada uma pequena diminuição da magnitude da linha branca nos espectros para as ligas PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C quando comparados com Pt/C, sendo que este fenômeno foi atribuído a um aumento de ocupação da banda Pt 5d. Melhores resultados com relação a tolerância ao CO da reação de oxidação de hidrogênio foram obtidos para os catalisadores PdPt/C e PdPtRu/C quando comparados com Pt e Pd puros. Nenhum efeito sinérgico favorável foi observado com a adição de Ru. O monitoramento de CO2 nos experimentos de espectrometria de massas (DEMS), enquanto as células eram alimentadas com H2 + 100 ppm CO, mostrou aumento na quantidade de formação deste produto somente para ânodos contendo PdPtRu/C e nenhuma formação de CO2 do início ao final das variações de potenciais nos casos dos eletrodos contendo PdPt/C. / The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fed with CO-contaminated hydrogen was investigated for anodes with PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C electrocatalysts at different ratios. The produced materials were characterized by energy dispersive (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electronics properties of Pt were analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the region. Evaluations of the electrochemical performance were carried out by steady state single cell polarization measurements, cyclic voltammetry and the CO-stripping techniques. Measurements of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) were carried out to evaluate the CO2 (mass 44) formation. A small reduction of the white line magnitude was in the XANES spectro for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C alloys when compared with Pt/C. This phenomenon was assigned for the increase of occupation of the Pt 5d band. Higher CO-tolerances were obtained for the PdPt/C and PdPtRu/C catalysts when compared with those for pure Pd/C and Pt/C. No favorable synergistic effect occurred with Ru addition in the electrode performance for the PEMFC fed with H2+100 ppm CO. The CO2 (mass 44) monitoring with DEMS experiments with the cells fed with H2+100 ppm CO showed the formation of this product only to PdPtRu/C, while no CO2 formation could be detected from beginning to end potential in the cases of Pd/C and PdPt/C.