published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

A class of migrant workers in China that have left their official rural residence in search of work and wealth in the more developed coastal cities have created a new process of urbanization. The ‘floating population’ numbering 150 million has created immense demand for low-cost housing. Village enterprises within the city region of expanding metropolises have self-organized to supply affordable housing. However, economic incentives and ownership constraints on rural land deter long-term considerations and favour rapid development. The building (and destruction) of a country cannot be recklessly left to coincidental solutions of profit opportunities in remnant policies. An understanding of the systemic political, economic and social properties that generate the built fabric of today and of traditional villages can allow us to manipulate the current process of development. The village of Zhangpeng in Dongguan city of the Pearl River Delta region is on the brink of explosive growth. Major infrastructural developments have been constructed and planned on its expropriated lands. Without proper guidance, the status quo process of urbanization will destroy the village overnight. The proposed alternative is to manipulate market-demand through village-led investment in its public space network in order to spur private development of village properties. The method is through strategic and incremental investment on village public space and property and monitoring the catalytic effect of these changes on private redevelopment. Adjustments in land development is made to steer the built fabric into a form between what the village wants it to become and what it has the propensity to be. The aim is to create a system of land development that will preserve, adapt and extend traditional village fabric and its way of life.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

In the past two decades, as regional free trade agreements prevailed between states and governments, there is an imperative need for the concerned trade control authorities to minimise non-tariff trade barriers. Trade facilitation policy becomes one of the essential tools to enhance the competitive strength of a state in the global market. As the common yardstick adopted to assess policy effectiveness, the global trade efficiency indicators seem to reflect that state-level trade facilitation policies may not be generating the expected results. Not only the validity of such indicators have been challenged by some scholars, their application in port-level studies are also questionable. This project develops an evaluation framework that consists of a qualitative and a quantitative assessment tool to evaluate port-based trade facilitation policies. The qualitative analytical instrument examines how trade facilitation measures affect port-based supply chain. The quantitative survey tool measures the extent of these policies may impact on the supply chain activities of port-related firm, infrastructure, and institutional stakeholders. The evaluation framework is applied to investigate the effects of trade facilitation policies on hub ports of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Such framework not only provides an instrument to measure policy impact, but also illustrates how a trade facilitation programme may affect the competitiveness of port supply chain. The qualitative tool by adopting multiple supply chain perspectives, contributes a consistent and comprehensive assessment method for trade facilitation studies to extend the research scope to port level. The quantitative instrument provides a mechanism that could facilitate an accurate measurement of the trade facilitation policy impacts not only in a single port but also in a networked ports' environment.

Conventional theories and empirical studies on global production networks (GPNs) and global value chains (GVCs) have dealt with the dynamic organization of production on global, regional, national, and local scales but have given limited attention to market dynamics. In recent years, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, a paradigmatic shift was observed in GPNs and GVCs that directed interests in market dynamics of developing country suppliers in the changing market dynamics in the Global North and the South. However, this phenomenon has not received adequate attention in the existing literature. This thesis aims to examine the firm-level market strategies of labor-intensive supplier firms in developing countries and the effects on the organization of production networks. Since the opening and reform in the late 1970s, the development of labor-intensive industries in China and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in particular, the well-known "world factory", have been significantly driven by export to advanced Western markets, such as the United States and European Union. However, in recent years, manufacturing suppliers in the PRD have changed their market orientations, leading to the considerable industrial transformation. Taking the furniture and garment industries in the PRD as a case, this thesis attempts to systematically explore the market strategies of manufacturing suppliers in different sectors and regions/sub-regions and the subsequent effects on the transformation of manufacturing industries and reorganization of production networks through three empirical case studies. First, the study examines the market strategies of export-oriented furniture supplier firms in the eastern PRD (Dongguan and Shenzhen City) and its effects on industrial transformation and reorganization of production networks. Second, to compare the market strategies of different kinds of suppliers in different sub-regions, the study explores the domestic market-oriented furniture suppliers in the western PRD (Shunde District, Foshan City). Third, for the understanding of the interaction between spatial cross-border production relocation and market strategies, this study investigates the market strategies of relocated garment supplier firms when they relocated manufacturing operations from China to Southeast Asia and explores the subsequent reorganization of production networks Based on the field investigation and particularly in-depth interviews with furniture and garment manufacturing firms in the PRD, this study identifies three types of market strategies of suppliers in the PRD and different effects on the organization of production networks. First, in the export-oriented furniture industry in the eastern PRD, most of furniture suppliers engaged in market reorientation from exporting to Western markets (e.g., the US and EU) to selling in the domestic markets of China through in-term firm partnerships with domestic chain retailers. Strategic recoupling with domestic markets of China stimulated the emergence of domestic market-oriented production networks in which supplier firms gained functional upgrading and experienced downgrading simultaneously. Second, in the domestic market-oriented furniture industry in the western PRD, domestic market-oriented suppliers who previous served for low-end segment of domestic markets of China have turned to engage in the market diversification to target different market niches. The diversified market strategies including low-end, middle-end, and high-end market strategies made furniture production networks evolve from merely relying on the domestic markets of China to co-dependence on emerging markets of China and other developing economies. In the reorganized production networks, furniture suppliers gained functional upgrading as they integrated into higher-end segments of domestic markets. Third, different from furniture suppliers, garment supplier firms engaged in the cross-border production relocation from China to the lower-cost Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, which is driven by different market strategies. Garment firms relocated from China to Southeast Asia for maintaining their strategic coupling with global brand names from advanced Western markets. Whilst, textile firms conducted production relocation to meet the requirements and strategic needs of buyers from home markets of China and host markets in Southeast Asia. There has witnessed the emergence of Western market-oriented triangular production networks coordinated by the relocated foreign-invested and Chinese garment firms, in which relocated garment firms have gained limited upgrading prospects. This thesis argues that market strategies adopted by local suppliers to change their power relations with other actors, such as global brand names and domestic retailers, have emerged as one of the most remarkable driving forces behind the transformation of manufacturing industries in China and particularly the PRD in the changing global economy. Emerging market-driven production networks have been emerged in manufacturing industries in China, with the rise of emerging markets in developing countries. In particular, China played an important role in reshaping the spatial and structural organization of global production networks and value chains. This research contributes to the literature by exploring the changing market dynamics with focus on the firm-level strategies. It also adds the literature by exploring the implications of emerging markets in the Global South for the reorganization of global production networks and value chains. In contrast to the previous industrial development pattern in developing countries that resulted from integration into Western market-led production networks, market strategies of local suppliers in the PRD has demonstrated a bias toward emerging market-driven industrial development.

No description available.

Zhao, Bo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-73). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / Acknowledgement --- p.III / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background: PRD and YRD --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- "PRD, YRD and China" --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Simple profile of PRD and YRD: a city-level observation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the study --- p.13 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview of TFP measurement --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- TFP in China --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- China's inward FDI and its importance --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- The relationship between FDI and TFP --- p.31 / Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research hypotheses --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Model --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data and measurement --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data and data sources --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Measurement of variables --- p.41 / Chapter 4. --- Statistical Results --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Estimation of total factor productivity: regression results from OLS and panel estimation --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Cobb-Douglas production function: panel estimation --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- TFP by cross sections --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- TFP through time (1978-2004) --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Relationships of TFP and FDI and other variables: Pearson correlation analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effects on TFP: multiple regression results --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effects of FDI on TFP --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effects of R&D on TFP --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effects of human capital on TFP --- p.60 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.63 / References --- p.68

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Arts

by François Soulard. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-253). / Abstract --- p.ii / List of maps --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.vii / List of charts --- p.ix / List of appendices --- p.xi / References and acronyms --- p.xii / Acknowledgements --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 ： I --- Introduction --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Research area --- p.2 / Modernization in China --- p.3 / Zhujiang Delta： a definition --- p.5 / Hong Kong: bonded with Zhujiang --- p.11 / Research issues --- p.15 / Research objectives --- p.20 / Research axioms --- p.20 / Research methodology --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Industrial restructuring --- p.24 / The capitalist production model --- p.24 / The production model --- p.25 / Capital accumulation --- p.29 / Crisis construct --- p.36 / The restructuring of industrial capitalism --- p.41 / Manufacturing development --- p.41 / From rigidity to flexibility --- p.45 / Division of labour --- p.50 / Spatial division of labour --- p.52 / International division of labour --- p.57 / The cost factor of labour --- p.61 / Industrial restructuring --- p.64 / Conclusion： Restructuring modelled --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 3： --- Restructuring analysis --- p.70 / Introduction --- p.70 / Restructuring tendencies --- p.71 / Scale analysis --- p.71 / Sectoral analysis --- p.86 / Restructuring analysis --- p.105 / Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter 4： --- Urbanization in Zhujiang Delta --- p.138 / Introduction --- p.138 / City-based urbanization --- p.138 / Region-based urbanization --- p.141 / Zhujiang Development --- p.145 / Rural agricultural reform --- p.145 / Rural industrial reform --- p.155 / Foreign invested development --- p.162 / Zhujiang Delta region-based urbanization --- p.173 / Designated towns development --- p.175 / Functional capital and industrialization --- p.183 / Zhujiang megapole --- p.191 / Conclusion --- p.197 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion： industrial restructuring and territorial development --- p.199 / Transplantation and rural reforms --- p.199 / Transplant --- p.201 / Hong Kong industries and rural reforms in China --- p.205 / Economic diversification in Hong Kong --- p.207 / The collapse of the production/exchange divide --- p.208 / The development of the Zhujiang megapole --- p.211 / The significance for development in China --- p.213 / The value of compensation trade --- p.214 / A regional secondary circuit of capital --- p.217 / Concluding remarks and prospects --- p.218 / Research agenda --- p.222 / Bibliography --- p.225 / Cited references: --- p.225 / Other readings: --- p.236

背景：中國在發展城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程中，基於當地經濟社會發展情況和特點，主要形成了政府辦政府管、院辦院管、以及私營三種模式。近年來中國學者對大陸社區衞生服務/基層醫療的研究主要關注于服務的基本現狀與功能的描述性研究，以及患者主觀層面的滿意度調查等，對城市社區衞生/基層醫療組織形式與服務模式建設的研究相對缺乏。初級衞生評價工具( Primary Care Assessment Tool, PCAT) 由美國約翰霍普金斯大學初級衞生保健政策中心開發，將初級醫療的五個核心方面進行量化，從患者對社區衞生服務/層醫療服務的客觀體驗角度出發，客觀評價醫療服務品質。本研究關注於基層醫療服務的過程層面，作為珠江三角洲六城市基層醫療研究項目的一部分，聯合廣州醫學院公共衛生與全科醫學學院，在廣東省衞生署以及香港智經研究中心的大力支持下，其他學者將研究基層醫療服務的結構和結果層面。 / 目的：本研究關注從病人體驗角度出發，在城市社區衞生/基層醫療服務的過程層面，評價和比較三種不同的社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式，以及不同地區在實施國家初級衞生政策時的不同策略所導致的在初級醫療五個核心方面的差異。 / 方法：首先，本研究進行了全面的文獻檢索，回顧了PCAT工具在全球和地區的應用。其次，本研究根據國際上認可的跨文化翻譯過程將PCAT（成人簡化版）翻譯成中文官方語言（普通話）並使其與中國國情相適應，並通過問卷的信度和效度分析，證明中文PCAT成人簡化版在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程層面方面具有較高的可靠性和有效性。進而，本研究採用多階段整群抽樣方法，在珠江三角洲六個城市的社區衞生中心，由訓練有素的調查員進行現場訪談。最後，本研究採用多元線性回歸和多元方差分析統計分析，評估和比較了不同城市和不同模式下，社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務五個核心方面的PCAT分數的差異。 / 結果：中文PCAT（成人簡化版）包含了九個不同維度，從五個方面評價初級保健服務過程，具有良好的結構效度。克隆巴赫係數反映了問卷具有良好的內部一致性。本研究共調查了3,360名在社區衞生服務中心接受基層醫療服務的成人患者，問卷整體回收率達86.1。本研究基於PCAT 分數從不同城市和不同服務模式角度分別評價和比較了社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務的過程。研究發現，與院辦院管及私營模式相比，政府主導模式下的社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務使用者具有更好的病人體驗，主要是因為政府主導模式下，社區衞生服務在首診利用及基層醫療服務協調統籌維度層面達到更高的水準。 / 結論：本博士論文研究確立了中文PCAT（成人簡化版）在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務過程的可靠性和有效性。本研究率先在中國大陸採用PCAT 工具對廣東省珠江三角洲地區城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式開展了大規模調查。該項研究可以填補目前中國大陸在PCAT應用以及城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式研究方面的空白，探索適合中國國情的社區衞生/基層醫療服務發展道路，為中國大陸進一步發展及完善初級衞生體系提供翔實的政策依據。 / Backgrounds: China’s current healthcare reform has an overall goal towards re-strengthening primary care. Establishment and expansion of primary care network based on community health centres (CHCs) in urban areas has been prioritized. Due to various socio-economic status of local population and policy context across urban areas in mainland China, primary care is delivered by three main organisational models: government-owned CHCs, hospital-owned CHCs, and privately-owned CHCs with each model being adopted in various localities. This PhD study focuses on studying the process of primary care provided under different CHC models in the six cities of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and it is part of a larger study entitled “A Study of Comparing Primary Care Services among Six Cities in the Pearl River Delta funded by Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre, in which other co-investigators have studied the structure and outcome of the primary care. / Objectives: This PhD study aims to use the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) within Donabedian’s framework of structure, process and outcome to measure and compare the quality attributes of primary care from patient’s perspective under different CHC models in the six cities of PRD where each city has different responses to the national policy for delivering primary care services. / Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to review the utilization of PCAT both globally and locally. The PCAT - Adult Edition (short version) was translated into Mandarin Chinese following an internationally recognized procedure and was cross-culturally adapted into Chinese context. The reliability and validity of the PCAT instrument were evaluated through test-retest approach, exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency reliability analysis. Multistage cluster sampling method was adopted to select CHCs in the six cities of PRD. All interviews were conducted on-site by trained interviewers. Statistical analysis including multiple linear regression and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to assess and compare the quality attributes of primary care (PCAT scores) provided by different organisational models of CHCs in the six cities of PRD. / Results: The Mandarin Chinese version of PCAT-AE (short version) contains nine primary care scales with good construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha within all the nine primary care scales achieved moderate to high internal consistency reliability. A total number of 3,360 adult primary care service users were surveyed on-site at CHCs with an overall response rate of 86.1%. Descriptive city-by-city analysis based on the PCAT scores was conducted to depict primary care process in each of the six cities. Primary care service users under government-owned CHC model reported receiving better primary care experiences than those under privately-owned CHC model and hospital-owned CHC model, largely because of the greater achievements in first contact utilization and better score in the coordination domain (information system). / Conclusions: The Mandarin Chinese version of PCAT-AE (short version) was found to be reliable and valid as a measure of primary care in mainland China from patients’ perspective. The study suggested that the government-owned CHCs had better quality attributes than other organisational models, and offered a direction for quality improvement in the five domains of primary care. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Haoxiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) 摘要 --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xii / LISTS OF TABLES --- p.xiii / LISTS OF FIGURES --- p.xv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xvi / PREFACE --- p.xvii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- BACKGROUND --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What is Primary Care? --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Why Primary Care? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Healthcare Reform in mainland China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Primary Care in Mainland China: A Brief History and Current Status --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Three CHC models of primary care delivery in urban areas --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Hospital and Hospital-owned CHCs --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Government and Government-owned CHCs --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Private sector and Privately-owned CHCs --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6 --- Pearl River Delta: an open window for primary care research --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Primary Care Assessment Tool: assessment of primary care from an international perspective --- p.21 / Chapter SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW OF PRIMARY CARE ASSESSMENT TOOL --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Criteria for review and search strategy --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Key messages from the literature review --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Research gaps in the literature --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.34 / Chapter SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- ADAPTION OF PRIMARY CARE ASSESSMENT TOOL IN MAINLAND CHINA --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Translation of PCAT --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Validation of the translation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Face validity and peer evaluation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Pilot test and test-retest reliability --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Translation of PCAT into Mandarin Chinese and validation of the translation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Face validity --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Demographic characteristics of the survey sample in the pilot test --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Test-retest reliability --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.48 / Chapter SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- VALIDATION OF MANDARIN CHINESE VERSION OF PRIMARY CARE ASSESSMENT TOOL --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Study design and study subjects --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Scoring --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Factor analysis and construct validity --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Item analysis and internal reliability --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Demographic profile --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Analysis of the correlation matrix --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Factor analysis and construct validity --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Item analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Internal reliability of the primary care scales --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- PRIMARY CARE PROFILES IN SIX CITIES OF PEARL RIVER DELTA --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The instrument to assess primary care --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Training of the interviewers and the assessment of inter-rater reliability --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Study location and sampling framework --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Target population --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Identification of primary care source --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Data collection --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Inter-rater reliability, response rate, and demographic characteristics --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Comparison of primary care assessment scores in the six cities (city-by-city analysis) --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City A --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City B --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City C --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.2.4: --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City D --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.2.5 --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City E --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.2.6 --- Primary care service users and primary care quality attributes in City F --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Factors associated with overall primary care experience --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Comparison of primary care assessment scores among the three CHC organisational models --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Presence of ‘hukou’ registry and primary care experience --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Presence of medical insurance and primary care experience --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Presence of chronic disease and primary care experience --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Patient characteristics and primary care profiles in the six cities --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- Ageing --- p.126 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- Household registry --- p.126 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- Medical insurance --- p.127 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Factors significantly associated with primary care assessment scores --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Healthcare utilization and health characteristics --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Socio-demographic characteristics --- p.129 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Primary care experience in the government-owned CHC --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Separation between revenue and expenditure --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- Central planning and multi-sectoral collaboration --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.3.3 --- Towards health equality --- p.131 / Chapter 5.4.3.4 --- First contact --- p.132 / Chapter 5.4.3.5 --- Suboptimal service capacity --- p.132 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Primary care experience in the privately-owned CHC --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.4.1 --- Lower healthcare utilization --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.4.2 --- Insufficient funding support --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Primary care experience in the hospital-owned CHC --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4.5.1 --- Large service capacity --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4.5.2 --- Tackling aging population with chronic diseases --- p.136 / Chapter 5.4.5.3 --- CHCs in the less socio-economic developed urban area --- p.136 / Chapter 5.4.5.4 --- Disparities due to socio-demographic status --- p.137 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- Study limitations --- p.137 / Chapter 5.4.7 --- What is already known and what this study adds --- p.139 / Chapter SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5 --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS --- p.144 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Policy implications for mainland China --- p.146 / REFERENCES --- p.150 / APPENDICES --- p.161