Submitted by JOÃO RICARDO LHULLIER LUGÃO null (joaolhullier@gmail.com) on 2016-03-15T16:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lugao_mestrado_final.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T18:11:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lugao_jrl_me_ilha.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T18:11:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lugao_jrl_me_ilha.pdf: 1607482 bytes, checksum: 491a719f2f4f3a0afea89af732d1753c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sistemas de controle de temperatura são necessários em diversos setores da indústria e pesquisa científica. Neste trabalho propõe-se um sistema de controle de temperatura para líquidos, que será utilizado em uma célula de medição de propriedades de líquidos por ultrassom. O sistema de controle tem como requisito atingir uma variação máxima de 0,01 ◦C em regime permanente. Os atuadores térmicos empregados são células de efeito Peltier e utilizam-se circuitos de potência do tipo ponte H para injetar ou retirar calor do objeto de interesse. São utilizados sensores de temperatura do tipo resistivos (RTDs), que são lineares e muito utilizados na indústria como referência para medição de temperatura. É utilizado um controlador proporcional, integral e derivativo (PID) digital, sintonizado a partir de um experimento em que o sistema é realimentado através de um controlador do tipo relé. A partir dos resultados desse experimento utilizam-se métodos diretos, como o de Ziegler-Nichols, para a sintonização dos coeficientes. Em seguida um ajuste fino é feito a partir dos coeficientes gerados por esses métodos. Um controlador PID capaz de atingir as meta de variação máxima de 0,01 ◦C é implementado. Com essa baixa oscilação no regime permanente concluiu-se que é possível realizar medidas de velocidade de fase de ondas de ultrassom propagando-se em água destilada com variação máxima de 0,05 m/s em torno do valor médio. / Temperature control systems are required in several industry and scientific research areas. This work proposes a liquid temperature control system applied to an ultrasonic mea- surement cell for liquids. The control system requires a maximum steady state deviation of 0,01 ◦ C. Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) work as thermal actuators with H bridge power circuits to pump heat to or from the object of interest. Resistive temperature detectors (RTD) are used in this work, which are linear and widely used in the industry as temperature measurement reference. A proportional, integral and derivative (PID) digital controller is tuned using relay feedback identification with direct tuning methods, such as Ziegler-Nichols’. To improve the results a fine tuning is implemented from the parameters estimated by the direct methods. A PID controller capable of achieving the 0,01◦ C maximum variation goal is implemented. With this low steady-state oscilation it is possible to measure phase velocity of ultrassound waves in distilled water with maximum variation of 0,05 m/s around the mean value.

In a research part, this diploma thesis deals with dividing incubators into groups according to their kind of use. From the groups biological incubators have been chosen to describe their construction, to explain possibilities of doing sampling and temperature and CO2 control. The research part is concluded by an overview of biological transport incubators for a transfer of cell cultures. In the part of the thesis which deals with a new construction solution some variations are suggested. The most suitable variation has been chosen after a structural technological description, and it is further described in a constructional solution. The frame of the incubator is made from aluminium alloy and is controlled by FEM. There are individual structural nodes being explained and visualised step by step in the construction solution. In the end of the construction solving some information about making the construction and prices of all continuing manufacture are stated.

In the current climate crisis situation, the development and wide operating range of electric mobility is of great importance, with electric rail traction being the main form of electric transport over medium-long distances. In this sense, electric traction converters are undergoing a deep modification, moving towards more powerful, more compact converters with a wider operating range. This project addresses the problem of overheating of the internal air of a railway electric traction converter when it operates in extreme environments with high temperatures, around 50o C or 60o C. In these cases, the existing cooling system, which uses external air at ambient temperature as the coolant fluid, is not enough to ensure safe operation of the converter. This limits the operating range of electric trains with high power density converters, which cannot operate in hot climates. Furthermore, it poses a risk for other operating ranges in the near future, where the development of converters with higher current levels and thus higher power losses will again challenge conventional cooling systems. This project uses the MITRAC/TC1500TM traction converter developed by Alstom as a basis for proposing different additional cooling systems that complement the conventional one, with the use of different cooling technologies, including forced air convection, heat pipes, liquid-cooled cold plates and Peltier cells, also called thermoelectric coolers. The implementation of the different technologies is evaluated based on mathematical models developed in MATLAB® and computational fluid dynamics simulations in StarCCM+® . The results obtained allow to conclude that the use of heat pipes and Peltier cells is the most recommendable for the development of thermal management systems for electric traction converters, provided that they are implemented with a good external heat dissipation medium, preferably ambient temperature air flows already that already exist in the converter. Furthermore, it is shown that the same cooling technology can provide very different results depending on its implementation. / I den rådande klimatkrisen är det mycket viktigt att utveckla elektrisk mobilitet och att ha ett brett användningsområde, där elektrisk järnvägsdrift är den viktigaste formen av elektrisk transport över medellånga avstånd. Omvandlarna för elektrisk traktion genomgår därför en genomgripande förändring, mot kraftfullare och mer kompakta omvandlare med ett bredare driftsområde. Detta projekt behandlar problemet med överhettning av den inre luften i en elektrisk traktionsomvandlare för tåg när den används i extrema miljöer med höga temperaturer, runt 50o C eller 60oC. I dessa fall är det befintliga kylsystemet, som använder extern luft vid omgivningstemperatur som kylmedel, inte tillräckligt för att garantera en säker drift av omvandlaren. Detta begränsar användningsområdet för elektriska tåg med omvandlare med hög effektdensitet, som inte kan användas i varma klimat. Dessutom utgör det en risk för andra driftområden inom den närmaste framtiden, där utvecklingen av omvandlare med högre strömnivåer och därmed högre effektförluster återigen kommer att utmana konventionella kylsystem. I projektet används MITRAC/TC1500TM , en traktionsomvandlare som utvecklats av Alstom, som grund för att föreslå olika ytterligare kylsystem som kompletterar det konventionella, med användning av olika kyltekniker, inklusive luftkonvektion, värmerör, vätskekylda kylplattor och Peltierceller, även kallade termoelektriska kylare. Implementeringen av de olika teknikerna utvärderas baserat på matematiska modeller som utvecklats i MATLAB® och beräkningsflödesdynamiska simuleringar i StarCCM+®. De erhållna resultaten gör det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att användningen av värmerör och Peltier-celler är det mest rekommenderade för utvecklingen av termiska styrsystem för elektriska traktionsomvandlare, förutsatt att de implementeras med ett bra externt värmeavledningsmedium, helst luftflöden vid omgivningstemperatur som redan finns i omvandlaren. Dessutom visas att samma kylteknik kan ge mycket olika resultat beroende på hur den implementeras.