In the last century, European Union was established, East and West Germany were unified and governments of various countries are aggressively promoting for the merger of their administrative district, "merger" has become a global development method of enhancing competitive ability. Taiwan is made up of 319 villages, townships and cities. Through technology, information and democratic experiences, there are times of financial difficulties, unbalanced townships and cities, lame self-governing and territory separation. With the global trend of aging population, decreasing birth rate and decentralization, the merger of townships and cities possessed its own righteousness. This research is positioned as the pre-study for the merger of villages, townships and cities. The objectives are: 1. Using Penghu County as an example, there are in-depth interviews and discussion on possible geographic, social and political problems caused by the merger; 2. Foresee the advanced principle and possible ways out for establishing the merging system of the villages, townships and cities to reduce the resistance to the reformation. To achieve the above research objective, we have to in-depth understand about the subjective concept and related variables. In addition, literature and document with aiming at the domestic villages, townships and cities are mostly focused on philosophic theories and self-governing problems, and there are very few documents deeply mentioned about the practical questions for the merger of villages, townships and cities. This research uses important people such as Magistrate, Public Representative, Administrative Staff and Social Group Representative of Penghu County as the research objects. Adn, this study adopts the semi-structural in-depth interview method of qualitative research to study the merge questions. The main discoveries of this research are: 1. City economics scale exists and is very different from remote village and township scale, as well as exists the conflicting interests in efficiency and democratic values between city and remote village and township; 2. In Penghu County, there is a general top down pattern in administrative district merge order and policy drive structure; 3. In Penghu County, the corporation of removing the self-government is the best subsidiary measure to drive the merger of villages, townships and cities; 4. There are generation gaps, and township and city concept differences in the objection to the villages, townships and cities merge; 5. The heads to govern villages, townships and cities is a key factor to financial status. If the city economics scale is shaken, it is not so serious; 6. For domestic villages, townships and cities merge, subsidiary measures and administration used by Japan are studied for reference. Independent merging systems are not suitable for present use. The main suggestions of this research are: 1. Principle and scale size of the merger of villages, townships and cities are not the main goals. Function supplementary is more important. 2. Villages and townships on the offshore islands can request administrative support from the county or city governments to replace merging. 3. There are different villages, townships and cities merging conditions. The legal standard is not too simplified or suitable for use by only one system. 4. Public approval and participation are the driven force of prospect for constructing a city. In addition, promotion of diversified policies, opened and transparent information and establishment of mutual interactive platform are important points. 5. Along with the merger of villages, townships and cities, the level of village and neighborhood should be integrated and re-positioned.

The government has pooled its resources to promote lifelong learning, considering the fact that lifelong learning is not only a deciding factor in the era of knowledge economy but also the most efficient way in its cultivation of democracy among the general public. In the study, I defined the scope of lifelong learning as three categories: Master, Master-work-experience, and other correspondence courses like those offered by National Open University. The population of this study is all the official in Penghu County. 347 subjects were surveyed and analyzed using the software SPSS 10.0. The purpose of this study, besides exploring the motivation and various barriers for the official in Penghu under the current government lifelong learning policy, is to understand whether the existing learning channels meet the needs and live up to the expectations of official in their pursuit of lifelong learning. The results of the study are for the reference of our government in its making of lifelong learning policy and the creation of a better learning environment. The findings are as follows: 1.The learning motivations of official for in-service training, broadly speaking, are (in descending order): further pursuit of education or personal interest, advancement in the career, participation in social service, and development of interpersonal relationship. 2.As a whole, the barriers facing official in their pursuit of further study are classified, in descending order, into institutional factors, circumstantial factors, intentional factors, and informative factors. 3.The official who fail to complete their study are due to (in descending order) circumstantial factors, institutional factors, personal concerns, and teaching factors. 4.Basically, official from different backgrounds show significant differences in terms of their respective motivations, barriers they encounter, and reasons for the termination of study. And among the many factors affecting the willingness to study, the education level seems not to be significantly correlated. As for the termination of study, the three factors¢w¢wage, marital status, and family monthly income are not significantly correlated. Suggestions are provided for in-service official, government policymaking mechanism, extension education environment and resources providers, and further studies based the findings of the study.

Analysis of Regional Economic Cooperation Strategies between Penghu and Mainland Special Economic Zones on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits Abstract After the establishment of air and sea transportation links between Taiwan and China, Penghu, which is geographically situated in the center of the cross-strait links shall make good use of its transfer function, by taking advantage of its tax incentives (duty-free) stipulated in "Offshore Island Development Act" and "Cross-strait Mini Three Link Policy" to develop new industries that can satisfy the requirements of "import consumption" and "export promotion." Penghu may foster closer economic and trade ties between Taiwan and Fujian Province, promote cross-strait tourism, expand cultural exchange, and develop sustainable industries that are necessary for continuing the economic prosperity. This study was conducted by a team of three students using the interactive management approach to tackle the main theme of regional cooperative strategies between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zones on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. The researchers looked into the sub-title issues from the economical, social, and governmental aspects respectively. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the public affairs management and research method -- Interactive Management (IM). To make the research results more comprehensive, the interactive management approach was combined with two methods often used in framework analysis: nominal group technology (NGT) and interpretative structure model (ISM). Together with literature review, expert interviews and data collection methods, the researchers gathered all relevant information about Penghu so as to provide a more objective basis for exploring the strategic economic cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. To ensure good progress in the panel discussion and anticipate fruitful results from discussions of various sub-titles to turn into specific strategies, the interactive discussion seminar invited local representatives in order to incorporate the views of the people in Penghu. This information can provide reliable reference for the central government planning units in their policy formulation process. Using this approach can solve the problem of suspending issues whenever the interactive management (IM) is used. The seminar was joined by 27 representatives from all walks of life. The NGT process started from exposing the issues, clarifying the issues, voting for the issues, to making paired comparisons, supplemented by ISM software, and finally resulted in enhanced structural clearness and visually understandable connectivity. After panel discussions over the structural charts, appropriate revisions, and confirmation of a final version, 12 economic strategies were produced from discussions of regional cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of the Taiwan Straits.These recommendations are given below: (1) requesting the Ministry of Communications to instruct the maritime and aviation companies to open scheduled transport lines within the shortest time for Makung-Kinmen, Penghu-Xiamen, and Penghu¡VShantou lines, and to extend the links gradually to other cities on the west coast of the straits; (2) directing Penghu to work with officials of mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the Straits for development of free trade zones ; it should be consulted through the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) to establish a fair and transparent cooperative mechanism in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people on both VI sides of the Straits; (3) transforming Penghu into an international duty free zone; (4) requesting Penghu County Government units or related non-governmental organizations to communicate with relevant parties on the other side of the Straits to open forums for discussion of co-operative strategies between Penghu and mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the straits; (5) suggesting the Penghu County Government to ask for more funding for establishing marine life and culture zones, in order to promote green tourism and economic development; (6) requesting Penghu County Government to promote tourism and gaming industries, and also to give more thinking on other possibilities (for example ocean biotech industry); (7) requesting the central government to release the remote island transportation lines to outside operators using market competition to reduce the cost of air fares and enhance tourism competitiveness; (8) suggesting Penghu to proactively develop indoor and outdoor theme parks, on land and at sea, as well as opening of other shopping malls; (9) requesting the central government to lift the bans on the islands development so as to allow foreign and mainland investments to participate in Penghu's preferential land and housing projects, in turn to boost the prosperity of the Penghu area; (10) recommending the Penghu County Government to ask the Taiwan Power Company to strengthen the capacity of wind power, and asking the Taiwan water company to enhance the production of desalination water; (11) suggesting the government agencies to map out the development plans for Penghu and to find suitable areas that can draw the interests of outside contractors in order to strengthen the development and enhancement of their own standards, and to attract more mainland tourists to the island; and (12) suggesting the two sides of the Straits to sign reciprocal tax agreements to reduce the time and labor costs so as to enhance the marketing and promotion of special products with Penghu characteristics. The relationship between individual strategies needs to be further clarified for strengthening and production of enhanced structural connections, in order to determine the priority of strategies and their objective goals. The participants also felt that the most urgent task is to integrate the communication platform between the central and local government units in order to establish effective communication that will help the planning and implementation of cross-strait policies, and in turn conducive to smooth working with other strategies. More public forums shall be set up for open dialogue with various government units. This issue is to be delayed no further, and all strategies shall be given the best implementation, and shall ask local people to take part in public discussions that can facilitate the building of a citizen society. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits,Public Affairs Management¡]PAM¡^, interactive management, regional cooperation

The purpose of this research is to discuss the "Rational Reform Plan on Public Servant Pension Income", systematic inquiries into the perception and manner of Penghu County public servants towards the reform plan, analyze the perception and manner differences by the public servants with different backgrounds, and propose conclusions and suggestions for a smooth and rational pension reformation. The objectives of this research are as follows: 1. Understand the perception and manner of Penghu County public servants towards the "Rational Reform Plan on Public Servant Pension Income"; 2. Understand the perception and manner differences by current and retired public servants towards the reform plan; 3. Understand if there is a difference in perception and manner by current public servants with different backgrounds; 4. Understand if there is a difference in perception and manner by retired public servants with different backgrounds; 5. Understand the feelings and suggestions of the Penghu County public servants towards the reform plan. This research is conducted with the literature analysis and questionnaire survey methods. Using current and retired public servants of Penghu County Government and respective institutions as the subjects, the number of sampling current public servants is 437 (distributed 437 questionnaire), 416 questionnaire is returned, the number of valid questionnaire is 404 and the ratio of valid questionnaire is 92.45%; the number of sampling retired public servants is 112 (distributed 112 questionnaire), 61 questionnaire is returned, the number of valid questionnaire is 56 and the ratio of valid questionnaire is 50%. This research obtains the below conclusions: 1. Most participants feel the domestic economic planning for senior is insufficient and approve to adopt gradual reduction of retired planning difference; 2. Most participants approve the reform concept but feel the plan content lacks fairness and the plan guidance is insufficient; 3. The participants have different views on whether the plan is helpful to the society, dignity of the public servants and national financial pressure; 4. The reform plan helps in easing early retirement but is afraid on letting unsuitable staff to remain in office and reduction of trust in the government; 5. The current and retired staff have different perceptions to the reform background and strategy planning; there is no perceptive difference in the strategy influence; 6. There is perceptive difference to the strategy background by current public servant of different ages, service seniority, positions, levels and institutions; different genders and education levels do not show any difference. 7. There is perceptive difference to the plan connotation by current public servant of different backgrounds; 8. There is perceptive difference to the strategy influence by current public servant of different genders, service seniority, education levels and positions; different ages, levels and institutions do not show any difference; 9. There is perceptive difference to the strategy background by retired staff of different genders, ages, service seniority, education levels and institutions; different positions and levels do not show any difference. 10. There is perceptive difference to the strategy influence by retired staff of different ages, service seniority, education levels and institutions; different genders, positions and levels do not show any difference. With the above conclusions, this research proposes the below suggestions: 1. More professional and less politics in the civil system reform; 2. Pension income reform is not to be pursued to maintain good faith in the government; 3. The reform plan should be legalized before implementing; 4. Review before revision of irrational reform stipulations; 5. Integrated measures and advance announcement; 6. Early planning of old age economic planning system; 7. Planning of retirement and social welfare system; 8. Public servants should plan lifetime income to safeguard old age.

The trend of low-birth rate is a crisis for schools to run. Especially for the schools, the doomed disadvantaged ones, in off-shore islands in Penghu County, an archipelagic county in Taiwan, to be closed or merged could be a huge barrier for the education-development. Therefore, to think out the development model of characteristic schools, and make use of the advantages of the small-scale in schools and classes to combine the special natural environment and cultural historical resources, and then construct a special and innovation regional program in order to increase the value of education and operate marginal profits. The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies of characteristic schools¡¦ innovative management and the critical successful factors on the transforming of primary schools in Penghu County. Finally, conclusions and suggestions will be made to find other ways rather than ¡§keep¡¨ or ¡§abolish¡¨ the schools. The study uses the qualitative research with depth interviews as an applied method. We adopt the purposive sampling method, to sample from the principals, teachers (including the mainland and the off-shore islands of Penghu, and the representative areas of townships and cities), superintendents who deal with correlative affairs in educational administration organizations, the specialists and scholars. Our findings can be classified into two parts¡G 1. The critical factors of primary schools transforming into characteristic schools. i. The administration management should stress on the planning and improvement of software and hardware. The leaders must possess the right opinions, and use strategies to cohere common consensus, to make use of teachers¡¦ specialty elastically and give rewards and punishments properly. ii. Special programs and teaching design should be planned by a professional group in an innovative way. The network information platform must be constructed and integrated with teaching. The contents of program should focus on the local characters. iii. Knowledge sharing is important. They must build a learning organization and improve their mental models. The website is the way to be used as the knowledge management platform and the professional capability could be improved by knowledge sharing and invigoration. iv. The integration of strategic alliance¡GSchools are divided by townships to form a characteristic group. The educational circles and industrial circles could become fellowship in a mutual beneficial condition. 2. The strategies of developing characteristic schools and innovation management of primary schools in Penghu County. i. The short-term target¡GThe improvement of the professional skill of teachers, the integration of human resource. ii. The mid-term target¡GTo develop a strategic alliance and construct a learning platform by network. iii. The long-term target¡GTo combine the environmental education and local cultural education and invent a special travel study model. The study also advances that the educational administration organization should subsidize to establish a group to promote the characteristic schools. The schools should become a learning organization and strengthen the strategic alliance between schools. The principal should have a innovative management opinion and to teach by personal example.

Analysis of the Social Aspect of the Strategy for Cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait Abstract In this study, we (Wen-Chang Hsu, Chen-yu Wu and myself) analyzed possible strategies for cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait (SWZ) within the aspects of economy, government and society. The study is based on the public affairs management (PAM) framework. Applying the interactive management (IM) method used from PAM policy analysis, as well as the nominal group technique (NGT) method and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method used for project analysis, interactive management seminars were held with participants from industries, government, academic fields, people¡¦s representatives and media representatives. The participants were engaged in sessions for idea generation, opinion writing and recording onto panel papers on the wall. The sessions also included in-sequence description and discussion to clear up problems, categorization of problems according to fields, key problem voting, problem sorting by votes and fields, and problem selection according to scores. The ISM method was then used to build and interpret problematic structure, overlap problem areas, and generate an enforcement structural diagram, which was reviewed and revised to come up with the strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. Through clearing up the enforcement relationship between each item, an enforced structural relationship diagram was created to identify the priority and enhancement sequence of each policy in its implementation, as well as the objectives and directions. Twelve strategies have been identified as follows in our strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. They are: 1.Establishment of communication between the two sides and a mechanism for handling disputes over civil and commercial matters, as well as fishing disputes, arising after intensive cross-strait exchanges, in order to achieve the purpose of rapid processing; a civil communication mechanism and civil or arbitration system can be relied on to rapidly deal with the issues in a professional manner before a general-purpose processing mechanism is established; 2.With consensual support of the majority of county people, effort should be spent in getting the central government¡¦s consent for setting Penghu as the sole gaming district and in formulating a concrete plan for improving the competitiveness of Penghu; 3.The local government should extensively accept the views of non-governmental organizations to develop viable and effective business strategy, and to proactively win the central government¡¦s recognition in placing emphasis upon further development of infrastructure to enhance the people's livelihood and to improve on the competitive business environment in Penghu; 4.Combine local characteristics with related industries such as the featured villas, aragonites, and seafood and cultural landscapes, in order to leverage favorable resources through an established certification mechanism; also strengthen promotion and advocation in the quality of the tourism environment provided; 5.Both sides should set up reasonable, equally treated and mutually trusted counterparts in interaction units to resolve any uncertain issues such as inspection of animals, plants and goods, as well as health care and education, that may occur at any time during cross-strait cooperation. 6.The media and channel of both sides should be leveraged to devise a theme-based marketing plan in order to address the unique history of cultural assets, as well as the unique natural landscape of local resources and humanistic care, environmental protection and green buildings; 7. Investments and exchanges should be planned for the cooperation of cross-strait agricultural and fishery businesses, as well as the tourism industry, on a complementary ground to boost interaction among cross-strait fishing groups and academic communities in order to enhance competitive advantage, technology, management and marketing capacity; 8.Marketing programs should be developed to leverage favorable factors of Penghu in terms of hardware (e.g., natural resources and historic buildings) and software (e.g., human resources, service quality and tourism image), and be effectively managed; 9.Severe punishment on fishing with electricity, toxics and banned gears should be implemented for the protection of cross-strait fishery assets and marine ecology; incentives should be provided for reporting on such misconducts; 10. Passenger cruises and regular chartered flights should be provided within the limit of allowed airway and seaway transportation, in order to enhance the competitive advantage of Penghu; 11.Urge the Government to set up a supervision unit in support of renewable marine resources, for sustainable development of such renewable natural resources; 12.To address cross-strait exchange issues, the government agencies should build a strong planning and leading team for devising comprehensive supportive packages and set-up a unified window for advising on planning matters,. The well-established community forum and neighborhood general assembly have long been a channel for the public sector to voice opinions on governmental order or to seek people¡¦s support on specific policy or construction, despite the participation of some people who merely express their opinions without much interactive discussion and mutual communication, and therefore are not very effective in the implementation of public affairs. By examining the results of this interactive management seminar, it is recognized that the public would be enthusiastic to participate in public affairs, to help in getting the public policies implemented and to boost the administration quality, if the public sector can adopt the approach of a public forum for participants to fully express their views, discuss objectively, study and analyze the issues mutually, and formulate feasible solutions. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits ,interactive management (IM), nominal group technique (NGT), interpretive structural modeling (ISM)

In Penghu, there are natural areas of ecological protection which are spectacular in the domestic environment and rare in the world. And it is possible in the future for these areas to be developed into national geology parks or world heritage areas of ecology. Thus, the issue of establishing ecological protection areas in Penghu is quite often presented and quite appealing to the public. This research is being underway by inquires with the help of teachers in Penghu elementary schools, studying the value recognition, care attitude, willingness of participation, and levels of participation toward the issue of establishing Penghu¡¦s ecological protection areas. Next, this research is related to study the motives, methods, contents, and influences of teachers in Penghu elementary schools, who are assumed to carry out the task of ecological protection. At last, this research includes the effective methods of how to improve the teaching of ecological protection and presents the solutions of how to deal with the difficulties, which teachers in elementary schools have encountered. Through the computer¡¦s statistic analyses, the effective surveys can be generalized as the findings below: 1. The current major problems of ecological protection in Penghu are the unestablishment of ecological concepts and consensuses as well as the serious damages and changes of the wild inhabitants of animals and plants. Thus, how to place equal emphasis on the continuing development of economics and the island¡¦s ecological protection will become the future common direction of efforts for the various administrative agencies. 2. The attitudes and behaviors of the teachers in the county toward the public affairs are mostly conservative and passive when they are implementing the task of ecological protection. From the results of the surveys, most teachers agree that if schools can work with the organizations or groups of ecological protection, which will contribute to the teaching task of ecological protection. Thus, it seems necessary for schools and the educational agencies concerned to combine the work of ecological protection units and that of the teachers. 3. Most of the tasks of ecological protection by the teachers of this county are focused on meeting the needs of school curricula, which are influencing to the studying interests and concerns of students and to the interactions between students and teachers. Thus, it is obviously necessary for the agencies concerned to well arrange the related ecological curricula, such as the choices of teaching places, methods, strategies, contents, manpower resources, and the frequencies of teaching activities. 4. Most of the teachers agree that it is more effective for students to undertake ecological protection activities in the ecological protection areas than any other forms of teaching activities. Thus, it is worthwhile for the school authorities to deal with difficulties and to offer effective situations for teachers and students. 5. To the teaching of ecological protection, the major problem which most of the teachers have met with is the inadequacy of professional know-how in ecological protection. On the other hand, there are many teachers who have the same idea that teacher¡¦s professional expertise is the key to the success of undertaking ecological protection. Therefore, it is without doubt very important for the county¡¦s educational units to think of how to enhance teachers¡¦ reeducation, to cultivate their professional know-how about ecological protection, and to solve their teaching difficulties. 6. It is indeed a great help to the teachers¡¦ tasks on ecological protection that if schools can put emphasis on teachers¡¦ work, if communities can give them support, and if school administrative measures can be more enhanced. Thus, it is necessarily important for the school authorities to seek the communication and cooperation between the parents and the residents of the communities as well as to get more resources to help the teaching activities. 7. County administrative policies influence a lot on the undertaking effectiveness of ecological protection. Thus, it is an important objective for the county authorities in charge of ecological protection to meet with educational authorities to promote the county¡¦s ecological protection environment. At the same time, the various school units should establish a comprehensive teaching network on ecological protection in accordance with its own natural environment, human resources, and needs of curricula to compile the curricular materials of ecological protection.

At present, there are 41 elementary schools in Penghu County. There are at least 24 elementary schools with less than 100 students; this includes 10 small-scale schools with less than 50 students. It shows that the small-scale schools are the characteristics of the elementary school structure in Penghu County. During the past 10 years, 4 elementary schools have dissolved as there are insufficient students. The objective of this research is to discuss on current reuse policy for the reuse of school land and building. This research uses qualitative research method with conducting the in-depth interview to understand the reuse policy and the current community participation for the dissolved small-scale elementary school in Penghu County, as well as the feasible development strategies in the future. In addition, the author summarized and organized these 2 following issues: "Current Implementing Condition of the School Land Reuse Policy for Small-scale Elementary School after Dissolve in Penghu County" and "School Land Reuse Strategy for Small-scale Elementary School after Dissolve in Penghu County". In terms of "Current Implementing Condition of the School Land Reuse Policy for Small-scale Elementary School after Dissolve in Penghu County", the research discovered the government is directing the future reuse plan towards tourism development and multi-purpose usage, and positively trying to resolve the legal restrictions for school reuse. For the solutions to the current problems, strengthened communication with the residents is used to gain a common view on future reuse development. With SWOT analysis, the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of school reuse are clearly understood. As for the "School Land Reuse Strategy for Small-scale Elementary School after Dissolve in Penghu County", the government is interacting with the community on many occasions to gain their approval on the reuse plan. This would bring community participation, which provides sufficient reasons to relax the legal restrictions for school reuse and encourage the community or public associations to invest. Rental or sale of school land prevents improper reuse management, which causes unused ground again. Community participation plays an important role in the plan by expressing the participation thoughts through neighborhood meeting or community development associations. When there is no reuse of dissolved school land, the current law for donated school land does not state whether the school land is returned to the original donor. The subject gains the approval of most interviewees and this intention urges the government to resolve the current school land reuse problem.