The Unity Movement was established in 1943 after long and hard struggles of the disfranchised oppressed people in South Africa against foreign domination by first the Dutch and then the British ruling classes. The Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) as it was named was the first National liberation movement to base itself upon several most important principles and policies: (i) That there could be only ONE SOLUTION for all the people in South Africa to bring freedom, justice and peace. Thus the UNITY of the oppressed and exploited who were denied all citizenship rights was a vital necessity.(ii) That the ruling class and all its agents among us had done everything possible to prevent the oppressed from uniting in their struggles. They had used the tactics of divide-and-rule as a major weapon against our struggles. The struggle for UNITY was always to be one important answer to these divide-and-rule tactics.(iii) That the ruling class used the myths of "race" and the "inferiority" of persons of colour, language, "culture" and separate schools, housing areas, hospitals, churches, jobs, etc., etc., to divide people. The Unity Movement declared war on racism, tribalism and all forms of discrimination. It strove to educate and organise the oppressed to UNDERSTAND WHY AND HOW WE were oppressed. It also strove to teach the oppressed that only a united people could win the freedom struggle; the ruling class were always united; as a disunited people we could never win our liberation struggle. (iv) That our democratic rights had been known for centuries. But we must know them and demand ALL of them. Democracy could not exist if people had some democratic rights and lacked others. We had to know this because dishonest political activists used the masses to get privileges (concessions) for themselves while they pretended to struggle on behalf of the masses. There was a minimum we must always demand, but we could and must strive for even more. (v) That the oppressed were robbed of their land and their possessions (mainly livestock); their homes were destroyed. They were driven into labour camps and mission stations after these wars of dispossession. They were forced to work as cheap labour in the mines and on the farms and in the factories and homes of the conquerors. Landlessness was a feature of all colonies conquered by the warring colonial powers. Today these colonial powers form the basis of World Imperialism. This World Imperialism is the main enemy of every oppressed nation with a history of colonial conquest. It is imperialism that paid for and bought over the collaborators who have been in government since April 1994. But now that they are part of government the collaborators are paid out of the taxes they collect from workers and others they now help to oppress. (vi) That the struggle for the land by the combined unified efforts of workers, landless peasants and the rural poor was a vital part of our struggles. Victory here would help to root out unemployment, homes broken up by the migrant labour system, by a lack of education and necessary skills, poor health, starvation and lack of simple things like drinking water and proper sewage. Thus the struggle for the land (point 7 of our programme) and all the other 9 demands belonged together as part of ONE struggle. That in our struggle the interest of the workers, the landless peasantry and the millions of rural poor are our first concern. And that the struggle against foreign domination (that is, against World Imperialism) was part of our struggle for total liberation. In the light of these founding principles and policies it is clear that a "government of National Unity" set up by the de Klerk Government and World Imperialism (that is, the USA, Canada, Britain, Japan and the European Community) cannot bring liberation peace and justice to us. / Abantu bebanye abasoze boyiswe! = Abantu bemunye abasoze behlulwe!

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

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The University of Arizona catalogs contain information regarding curricula, fees, university policies, and procedures.

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Bathymetry forms the basis for studies in marine geology, biology and oceanography and is essential for the Extended Continental Shelf Claim (ECSC), a legal framework established by the United Nations (UN) to encourage a nation’s governance and management of its marine resources. This research provides the first digital, integrated, Geographical Information System (GIS) based bathymetric dataset for KwaZulu-Natal that combines near-shore and deep-water datasets for use in marine sciences. A total of 32 datasets acquired using a range of techniques and instruments between 1911 and 2006 were considered. Twenty nine of these were near-shore datasets with data densities varying from 6 to 57 406 points per km2. Of these, 15 were acquired by the Council for Geoscience (CGS), 9 by the South African Navy and 5 by the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP). Two of the remaining 3 deep-water datasets were grids acquired digitally for this work, while the third was a digitised contour dataset. The 2003 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) grid is based on digitised point and contour data with a point every 1 852 m, while the 1997 Smith and Sandwell grid is based on predicted satellite altimetry data with a point every 3 704. The third deep-water dataset was digitised from a northern Natal Valley bathymetric contour map developed in 1978 and has data densities varying from 0.02 to 1 point per km2. Datasets were prioritised in the following descending order of quality defined by the available metadata: multi-beam echo-sounder-derived datasets, followed by single-beam echo-sounder-derived datasets and lastly lead line datasets. The digitised northern Natal Valley bathymetric contour dataset after Dingle et al. (1978) was considered authoritative for the deep-water areas, while the 2-minute interval Smith and Sandwell satellite derived bathymetry dataset was integrated south of 31o S where no other dataset coverage existed. Availability of good metadata describing bathymetric dataset positioning and depth measuring instruments were essential. Where good metadata did exist, interrogation, integration and quality control were straightforward. However, where the year of acquisition and depth measuring instrument type were the only available metadata, information about positioning and depth measuring instruments were inferred. The digitised northern Natal Valley bathymetric contour dataset offered the best deep-water coverage and was derived from heterogeneous point datasets about which no metadata was available. Metadata for the Smith and Sandwell satellite derived bathymetric dataset suggested limited ship track data control for the study area, while it was known to contain noise caused by an unquantified, rough sea state. The integration process was successful but noticeable artefacts were recognised. Concentric contour artefacts were present where the digitised northern Natal Valley bathymetric contour dataset and the South African Navy Admiralty Fair Chart 34 dataset were integrated. Regional conjoined arc-like contour artefacts north of 31o S as well as bumpy seafloor textures south of 31o S in the deep water areas were also found. In addition, artefacts were discovered in one of the multi-beam datasets, normally associated with good high-resolution data coverage. Intuitive, user-friendly, Geographical Information System (GIS) software and mapping software were used to aid visual interrogation of the final contour dataset and the contour editing capabilities in ESRI ® ArcGIS ® were used to edit concentric contour and conjoined arc-like contour artefacts north of 31o S. GIS software was further used as a visual filter to remove the regional bumpy seafloor texture south of 31o S, caused by noise in the satellite altimetry dataset. An edited point dataset component south of 31o S was re-interpolated and the resultant grid re-mosaiced with the original final grid north of 31o S, yielding an improved final contour dataset. The 1:3 000 000 scale final contour dataset resolved regional features such as the Thukela Cone, the Thukela and 29o 25’ Canyons along with a broad un-named valley, termed here as the Maputaland Valley, which drains the Maputaland Canyons. Near-shore areas of the continental shelf were also resolved at higher scales of up to 1:45 000. Obvious data gaps emerged with five areas prioritised for the acquisition of new digital data as part of a systematic mapping programme to improve the dataset. Powerful, cost-effective computer hardware and cost-effective, intuitive, user-friendly computer software driven by ongoing technological advances made this work possible. These technology advances continue to improve bathymetric data acquisition, positioning and processing methods as well as improving data interpolation and map development. The usefulness of this digital, integrated, marine GIS contour dataset has been demonstrated by the interest of KwaZulu-Natal based organisations such as the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI), Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (EKZNW) and Umgeni Water along with the Cape Town based Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) and the Pretoria based Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Establishing this dataset as a base map for a KwaZulu-Natal 3D marine cadastre to add other GIS data must be encouraged to improve collaboration, promote research and improve ocean governance in KwaZulu-Natal, after which this type of 3D marine cadastre should be extended to include the whole of South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 26, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73).