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The objective of this project was to compare two different methods of calculating dose through lead-shielded walls in the PET/CT suite at Scott & White Hospital in Temple, Texas. The ultimate goal was to see which of the two methods agreed with the actual physical measurements. Minimizing shielding needed in future suite designs would result in a possible reduction of structural as well as financial burden. Formulas and attenuation coefficients following the basic January 2006 AAPM guidelines were used to calculate unattenuated radiation through existing lead walls. The computer code MCNPX was used to simulate the leaded walls of the PET/CT suite and provide another set of results. These two sets of results were compared to doses gathered from OSL badges placed around the suite for a period of two months. For this type of problem, MCNPX proved to provide results that were inconsistent and unreliable. It was concluded that the traditional computational methods are the most reliable for designing shielding in a PET/CT suite.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20981号 / 医博第4327号 / 新制||医||1026(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 増永 慎一郎, 教授 辻川 明孝, 教授 溝脇 尚志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Entre os materiais presentes nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, os resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo representam cerca de 27% do volume total da coleta convencional, segundo Matos (2006), com o agravante da degradação lenta, comprometendo a vida útil dos aterros sanitários e poluindo o meio urbano. Dos resíduos poliméricos, destaca-se o Poli (tereftalato de etileno) PET. O PET é utilizado em embalagens alimentícias e, preferencialmente, no envasamento de bebidas carbonatadas e água mineral com gás. O consumo das embalagens de PET tem sido crescente, o que gera uma presença maior deste resíduo no meio ambiente. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo pode ser considerada uma ação mitigatória dos impactos ambientais causados por este resíduo, além de otimizar o ciclo de vida da resina presente na garrafa. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo já é realizada por meio da obtenção de diversos produtos diferentes ao de sua origem (garrafa), com taxas de reciclagens crescentes a cada ano. Entretanto, muitos dos produtos reciclados têm breve vida útil, em decorrência das aplicações que lhes são destinadas. Uma alternativa de vida útil longa para o reciclado de PET seria uma aplicação na construção civil, onde os componentes têm uso de longo prazo, além de ser mais uma opção para suprir o consumo elevado de recursos naturais desta indústria. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma avaliação da viabilidade de reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo, visando os potenciais de disponibilidade da matéria-prima e de propriedades intrínsecas e de desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado para a indústria da construção civil. A estratégia metodológica da pesquisa compreendeu duas vertentes de avaliação: a gestão dos resíduos e as propriedades e desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado. O método de avaliação da gestão dos resíduos compreendeu os procedimentos de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, visando identificar o modelo de recuperação associado às dimensões básicas da logística reversa, assim como o potencial das cadeias de suprimento direto e reverso das garrafas de PET. O método de avaliação tecnológica foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa experimental, onde o produto reciclado foi obtido por reciclagem mecânica, compreendendo os processos de revalorização e transformação por injeção, e submetido a diversos ensaios para caracterização das propriedades intrínsecas e o desempenho tecnológico. Destaca-se nos resultados, em relação à avaliação da gestão de resíduos, que a logística reversa das garrafas de PET tem no fator econômico a maior motivação, e, referente à avaliação tecnológica, que os produtos reciclados apresentam perda de desempenho a partir do quarto ciclo de reciclagem, decorrente da degradação das cadeias poliméricas em função das sucessivas reciclagens. A Análise dos resultados permite concluir que existe viabilidade para a reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo da construção civil, visando à aplicação como componente construtivo, considerando as condições de reciclagem adotadas na pesquisa e o potencial de disponibilidade e propriedades de desempenho tecnológico. / Post-consumer polymer materials in household wastes (HW) represent approximately 27% of the total volume of conventional garbage collections, according to Matos (2006). The degradation of these wastes is extremely slow, thus compromising the useful life of sanitary landfills and polluting the urban environment. PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) stands out among these polymer wastes, since it is widely used in food packaging and especially for bottling carbonated drinks and mineral water with gas. The use of PET packaging has been increasing steadily, leading to its ever greater presence in the environment. The reintegration of post-consumer PET into production represents an alternative to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by this waste, as well as to optimize the life cycle of the resin contained in PET bottles. Post-consumer PET is already being recycled into a variety of products for purposes other than their original one (bottles) and recycling rates are increasing yearly. However, many recycled products have a very short service life due to the applications in which they are used. An alternative to lengthen the service life of recycled PET would be its application in civil construction, whose components have long-term uses. This would also represent an additional option to help meet this industrys high demand for natural resources. The present study evaluated the feasibility of reintegrating post-consumer PET into production, in view of the large potential availability of this raw material and the intrinsic properties and technological performance of the recycled product for the construction industry. The methodological strategy of this research comprised two lines of investigation: evaluation of waste management, and evaluation of the properties and technological performance of the recycled product. The evaluation of waste management comprised an exploratory and documental research to identify the product recovery model associated with the basic dimensions of reverse logistics, as well as the potential of the direct and reverse supply chains of PET bottles. The technological evaluation was based on experimental research, which involved the mechanical recycling, since the revaluation processes and transformation for injection of post-consumer PET, followed by several tests to characterize its intrinsic properties and technological performance. With regard to waste management, the results highlight the fact that the reverse logistics of PET bottles is driven mostly by economic factors. From the technological standpoint, the results indicate that recycled PET products show a loss in performance after the 4th cycle of recycling due to the degradation of their polymeric chains in response to successive recycling. An analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is feasible to reintegrate post-consumer PET into production, applying it as a component material for civil construction, based on the recycling conditions adopted in this research, the potential availability of post-consumer PET and its properties of technological performance.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. Over 80% of MS patients are in the relapsing remitting stage. Symptoms range from fever, fatigue, emotional distress, tingling, numbness, optic neuritis, spasticity, muscle weakness, impaired coordination, to other abnormal neurological problems. Expression of symptoms is known as a relapse or exacerbation. The cause of relapses is unknown, but multiple factors seem to play a significant role. Possible factors that may influence MS onset and relapse consist of a genetic association, viruses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and stress. Stress has shown to have negative implications and may stimulate relapses. Thus, this study examined a possible stress intervention that most people already had available to them, companion animals. Companion animals have been shown to lower blood pressure, decrease heart rate, provide social support, and reduce stress. The main hypothesis was to evaluate whether or not pet ownership and/or attachment influenced the perceived stress level and number of negative life events experienced by MS patients in the relapsing remitting stage. Participants were given a questionnaire that consisted of 7 surveys. The questionnaire accessed quality of life, disease severity, number of negative life events, perceived stress level, level of depression, social support, and pet ownership and attachment level. Our sample population consisted of MS patients seen at the University of Texas Southwestern Neurology clinic from February 23rd to May 21st, 2004. One hundred and forty seven relapsing remitting MS patients were included in the study. Multiple linear regression was used to compare the relationship of stress and number of negative life events to pet ownership and attachment. Results revealed that pet ownership and attachment levels did not affect the stress level and number of negative life events of MS patients. No confounders were identified. Interaction terms with disease severity as the dependent variable, pet ownership and perceived stress level or negative life events as the independent variables were not significant. The type of pet owned did not influence the attachment level of the MS patient. In conclusion, the results of this study did not support the hypothesis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. Over 80% of MS patients are in the relapsing remitting stage. Symptoms range from fever, fatigue, emotional distress, tingling, numbness, optic neuritis, spasticity, muscle weakness, impaired coordination, to other abnormal neurological problems. Expression of symptoms is known as a relapse or exacerbation. The cause of relapses is unknown, but multiple factors seem to play a significant role. Possible factors that may influence MS onset and relapse consist of a genetic association, viruses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and stress. Stress has shown to have negative implications and may stimulate relapses. Thus, this study examined a possible stress intervention that most people already had available to them, companion animals. Companion animals have been shown to lower blood pressure, decrease heart rate, provide social support, and reduce stress. The main hypothesis was to evaluate whether or not pet ownership and/or attachment influenced the perceived stress level and number of negative life events experienced by MS patients in the relapsing remitting stage. Participants were given a questionnaire that consisted of 7 surveys. The questionnaire accessed quality of life, disease severity, number of negative life events, perceived stress level, level of depression, social support, and pet ownership and attachment level. Our sample population consisted of MS patients seen at the University of Texas Southwestern Neurology clinic from February 23rd to May 21st, 2004. One hundred and forty seven relapsing remitting MS patients were included in the study. Multiple linear regression was used to compare the relationship of stress and number of negative life events to pet ownership and attachment. Results revealed that pet ownership and attachment levels did not affect the stress level and number of negative life events of MS patients. No confounders were identified. Interaction terms with disease severity as the dependent variable, pet ownership and perceived stress level or negative life events as the independent variables were not significant. The type of pet owned did not influence the attachment level of the MS patient. In conclusion, the results of this study did not support the hypothesis.

Gemcitabine (dFdC) is an effective chemotherapeutic nucleoside analogue for treatment of cancers and solid tumors. Gemcitabine’s chemotherapeutic effect is limited by its rapid intracellular deamination by cytidine deaminase into the inactive uracil derivative. Herein, I designed and synthesized two sets of gemcitabine analogues: i) a 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogue containing a β-keto sulfonate moiety, and ii) clickable analogues possessing silicon-fluoride acceptor building blocks. Both of these sets of analogues undergo efficient fluorination, including fluorination protocols compatible with 18F labeling. The synthesis of the 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogue bearing β-keto sulfonate moiety began with reaction of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with 1-amino-10-undecene, followed by a series of oxidation and sulfonation steps which yielded the β-keto sulfonate analogues. The coupling of gemcitabine with carboxylic acids using peptide coupling conditions afforded 4-N-alkanoyl analogues with a terminal alkyne or azido moiety. Click reaction of these 4-N-alkanoyl analogues with dialkylsilyl building blocks gave 4-N-alkanoylsilanegemcitabine analogue. Reaction of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with vii functionalized azidoalkyl amines provided 4-N-alkylgemcitabine with a terminal azido group. Coupling of the latter with dialkylsilyl building block provided 4-N-alkylsilanegemcitabine. Fluorination of 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues with β-keto sulfonate moieties and of the trisubstituted silane derivatives with KF and 18-Crown-6 (CH3CN/75°C/0.5-1h), gave the corresponding fluorinated 4-N-alkyl and alkanoyl gemcitabine analogues under conditions that are compatible with protocols for positron emission tomography (PET) 18F labeling. The [18F] 4-N-alkyl and alkanoyl silane gemcitabine analogues were successfully synthesized on microscale and macroscale radiochemical protocols. The biodistribution of [18F] 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogue was analyzed via PET imaging. The cytotoxicity activity of the silane gemcitabine analogues were studied in cancer L1210 and HEK293 cell lines and their cellular uptake were investigated using HPLC analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Reduction of ribono-1,4-lactones and gulono-1,4-lactone as well as ribono-1,5-lactone and glucono-1,5-lactones with LTBH (1.2 equiv.) in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C for 30 min provided the corresponding pentose or hexose hemiacetals in chemoselective fashion and in high yields. Commonly used in carbohydrate chemistry protecting groups such as trityl, benzyl, silyl, acetals and to some extent acyls are compatible with this reduction.

Entre os materiais presentes nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, os resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo representam cerca de 27% do volume total da coleta convencional, segundo Matos (2006), com o agravante da degradação lenta, comprometendo a vida útil dos aterros sanitários e poluindo o meio urbano. Dos resíduos poliméricos, destaca-se o Poli (tereftalato de etileno) PET. O PET é utilizado em embalagens alimentícias e, preferencialmente, no envasamento de bebidas carbonatadas e água mineral com gás. O consumo das embalagens de PET tem sido crescente, o que gera uma presença maior deste resíduo no meio ambiente. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo pode ser considerada uma ação mitigatória dos impactos ambientais causados por este resíduo, além de otimizar o ciclo de vida da resina presente na garrafa. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo já é realizada por meio da obtenção de diversos produtos diferentes ao de sua origem (garrafa), com taxas de reciclagens crescentes a cada ano. Entretanto, muitos dos produtos reciclados têm breve vida útil, em decorrência das aplicações que lhes são destinadas. Uma alternativa de vida útil longa para o reciclado de PET seria uma aplicação na construção civil, onde os componentes têm uso de longo prazo, além de ser mais uma opção para suprir o consumo elevado de recursos naturais desta indústria. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma avaliação da viabilidade de reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo, visando os potenciais de disponibilidade da matéria-prima e de propriedades intrínsecas e de desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado para a indústria da construção civil. A estratégia metodológica da pesquisa compreendeu duas vertentes de avaliação: a gestão dos resíduos e as propriedades e desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado. O método de avaliação da gestão dos resíduos compreendeu os procedimentos de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, visando identificar o modelo de recuperação associado às dimensões básicas da logística reversa, assim como o potencial das cadeias de suprimento direto e reverso das garrafas de PET. O método de avaliação tecnológica foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa experimental, onde o produto reciclado foi obtido por reciclagem mecânica, compreendendo os processos de revalorização e transformação por injeção, e submetido a diversos ensaios para caracterização das propriedades intrínsecas e o desempenho tecnológico. Destaca-se nos resultados, em relação à avaliação da gestão de resíduos, que a logística reversa das garrafas de PET tem no fator econômico a maior motivação, e, referente à avaliação tecnológica, que os produtos reciclados apresentam perda de desempenho a partir do quarto ciclo de reciclagem, decorrente da degradação das cadeias poliméricas em função das sucessivas reciclagens. A Análise dos resultados permite concluir que existe viabilidade para a reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo da construção civil, visando à aplicação como componente construtivo, considerando as condições de reciclagem adotadas na pesquisa e o potencial de disponibilidade e propriedades de desempenho tecnológico. / Post-consumer polymer materials in household wastes (HW) represent approximately 27% of the total volume of conventional garbage collections, according to Matos (2006). The degradation of these wastes is extremely slow, thus compromising the useful life of sanitary landfills and polluting the urban environment. PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) stands out among these polymer wastes, since it is widely used in food packaging and especially for bottling carbonated drinks and mineral water with gas. The use of PET packaging has been increasing steadily, leading to its ever greater presence in the environment. The reintegration of post-consumer PET into production represents an alternative to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by this waste, as well as to optimize the life cycle of the resin contained in PET bottles. Post-consumer PET is already being recycled into a variety of products for purposes other than their original one (bottles) and recycling rates are increasing yearly. However, many recycled products have a very short service life due to the applications in which they are used. An alternative to lengthen the service life of recycled PET would be its application in civil construction, whose components have long-term uses. This would also represent an additional option to help meet this industrys high demand for natural resources. The present study evaluated the feasibility of reintegrating post-consumer PET into production, in view of the large potential availability of this raw material and the intrinsic properties and technological performance of the recycled product for the construction industry. The methodological strategy of this research comprised two lines of investigation: evaluation of waste management, and evaluation of the properties and technological performance of the recycled product. The evaluation of waste management comprised an exploratory and documental research to identify the product recovery model associated with the basic dimensions of reverse logistics, as well as the potential of the direct and reverse supply chains of PET bottles. The technological evaluation was based on experimental research, which involved the mechanical recycling, since the revaluation processes and transformation for injection of post-consumer PET, followed by several tests to characterize its intrinsic properties and technological performance. With regard to waste management, the results highlight the fact that the reverse logistics of PET bottles is driven mostly by economic factors. From the technological standpoint, the results indicate that recycled PET products show a loss in performance after the 4th cycle of recycling due to the degradation of their polymeric chains in response to successive recycling. An analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is feasible to reintegrate post-consumer PET into production, applying it as a component material for civil construction, based on the recycling conditions adopted in this research, the potential availability of post-consumer PET and its properties of technological performance.

No description available.

No description available.