acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

This dissertation contains a discussion of martyrs and martyrdom as it traces changes in the original meaning of the Greek word and the establishment of the martyr cultus. It also contains a review of the literature of martyrdom beginning with the biblical account of Saint Stephen in the Acts of the Apostles, continuing with the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, the Ecclesiastical History of the English People by the Venerable Bede, The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine, and Acts and Monuments by John Foxe in order to determine criteria for martyrdom and characteristics common to Christian martyrs. Next, a review is made of the prose and poetic works of John Milton, and this review reveals Milton's expansion of the definition of martyrdom to include not only death, but also disgrace, torture, and imprisonment as a result of the profession of the true religion as found in Holy Scripture Using this information, an interpretation of Samson Agonistes is made in accordance with Milton's Christianity, and Samson is shown to be the archetypal Christian martyr who suffers disgrace, torture, imprisonment, and death attesting to the word of God. Milton also presents Samson with most of the attributes of a Christian martyr and though differences exist between Samson and the Christian martyr, they in no way negate his being an Old Testament type. Perfection as well as fulfillment is in the New Testament antitype, who is Christ Milton writes Samson Agonistes with Christian martyrdom in mind, and he presents Samson as a betrayer of God who suffers, repents, and has enough faith to dedicate himself to God's service again, if God wills it. Samson's regeneration and willingness to act are freely made decisions in accord with Milton's ideas of Christian liberty. Samson acquires a faith based on suffering, regeneration, and intellectual acceptance, and this faith contrasts with his early inherited faith / acase@tulane.edu

The directed synthesis of heterobimetallic complexes containing methylaminobis(difluorophosphine)(=PNP) has been explored. The results demonstrate that 'metalloligands' containing PNP such as $\rm cpFe\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl,\ cpRU\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl,\ Re(CO)\sb3\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Br,\ Mo(CO)\sb3\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2,$ are moderately good precursors to heterobimetallic transition metal compounds. In many cases, good yields of products were achieved. The preparations, spectroscopic data, and X-ray structural analyses of the products are described in this paper The chemistry of $\rm cpFe\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl,\ and\ cpRu\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl$ features chloride transfer from Fe to other metals when it was reacted with low valent transition metal complexes. The heterobimetallic products are regarded as combined results of coordination and oxidative addition reactions. When $\rm cpFe\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl$ reacts with $\rm Pt(Ph\sb2 C\sb2)(PPh\sb3)\sb2,$ the complex $\rm PtCl(PPh\sb3)(\mu$-$\rm PF\sb2)(\mu$-$\rm PF\sb2 NMe)$-$\rm Fe(PF\sb2 NHMe)cp,$ i.e. a product with the cleavage of PNP, was generated. An interesting feature of this product is that it contains a bridging 'PF$\sb2$' group between Pt and Fe atoms whose phosphorus resonance has a very low-field shift as compared with the $\sp{31}$P resonance of the intact -PF$\sb2$ of PNP on platinium. The reaction of $\rm cpRu\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl$ with $\rm Pt(Ph\sb2 C\sb2)(PPh\sb3)\sb2$ gave similar products to those of $\rm cpFe\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl,$ as indicated by the same pattern in its $\sp{31}$P NMR spectrum, but the products could not be successfully isolated $\rm Re(CO)\sb3\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Br$ behaves similarly to $\rm cpRu\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl$ and $\rm cpFe\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2 Cl$ in regard to 'halide transfer problems' during the reactions, but it seems less oxidative toward the reactants. Its reactions with $\rm Pt(Ph\sb2 C\sb2)(PPh\sb3)\sb2$ gave expected products instead of ligand cleavage products as compared with the reaction of 'Ru-PNP' or 'Fe-PNP' compound $\rm MO(CO)\sb3\lbrack CH\sb3 N(PF\sb2)\sb2\rbrack\sb2$ didn't show any 'transfer' or oxidation problems because it does not contain any transferable group and molybdenum here is zero-valent. In reaction with other reactants the chelating ring of PNP opens and the complex acts like a 'bis-PNP' precursor to attack other reactants. Its reactions with other transition metal complexes containing labile ligands give good yields of desired heterobimetallic products in many cases The potential problems with the methods using 'Fe-PNP', 'Ru-PNP', or 'Re-PNP' as precursors are the 'halide transfer', which render the products rather unreactive because most products are coordinatively saturated The electronic spectral and electrochemical properties of some of the products were studied. Reactivity of the heterobimetallic compounds with small organic molecules such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and phenylacetylene was also explored. Unfortunately, no reactivity was found / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

Variation in amount or position of heterochromatic portions of chromosomes are called heteromorphisms. In humans, heteromorphisms are constant among tissues of an individual, heritable, and appear to have no phenotypic effects. However, it has been suggested that certain heteromorphisms predispose carriers to chromosomal nondisjunction and production of aneuploid offspring. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that heteromorphisms of some plant and animal chromosomes affect karyokinesis Frequencies of heteromorphic chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y were established for a group of 99 aneuploids and a group of 61 chromosomally normal infants. Individuals were categorized as to maternal age, race, and sex. These characteristics were accounted for in the statistical analyses. Three C-banded metaphases of each individual were photographed and printed at a final magnification of 4,050X. An electronic digitizer (resolution = 0.025 cm) was used for measurement. To standardize the C-band lengths they were divided by the average short arm length of the chromosomes 16 within the metaphase. Y chromosome lengths were divided by the average length of two F group chromosomes. This method of C-band and Y chromosome measurement eliminates much of the human error and arbitrary classification of previous systems and could be used for interlaboratory comparisons Control and aneuploid groups were found to have similar mean C-band lengths for chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, similar mean Y chromosome lengths, similar distributions of short, average, and long C-bands and Y chromosomes, and similar variation between homologous C-bands. The aneuploid groups had a lower incidence of position heteromorphism than controls. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that heteromorphisms predispose carriers to nondisjunction and production of aneuploid offspring A few racial differences were found. White individuals showed more variation between homologous 9 C-bands and more position heteromorphisms of chromosomes 1 and 9 than blacks Normal males and females had similar patterns of C-band heterochromatin. However, female aneuploids possessed more C-band heterochromatin than male aneuploids. Female aneuploids may be able to tolerate larger amounts of heterochromatin during embryogenesis than males / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu