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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Systematics, phylogeny, and biogeography of the hysterangiales and related taxa (Phallomycetidae, Homobasidiomycetes)

Hosaka, Kentaro 26 October 2005 (has links)
Monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was confirmed based on multigene phylogenetic analyses. Four major subclades (Hysterangiales, Geastrales, Gomphales and Phallales) were also demonstrated to be monophyletic. The interrelationships among the subclades were, however, not resolved, and alternative topologies could not be rejected statistically. Nonetheless, most analyses showed that the Hysterangiales and Phallales do not form a monophyletic group, which is in contrast to traditional taxonomy. The higher-level phylogeny of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi tends to suggest that the Gomphales form a sister group with either the Hysterangiales or Phallales. Unweighted parsimony character state reconstruction favors the independent gain of the ballistosporic mechanism in the Gomphales, but the alternative scenario of multiple losses of ballistospory could not be rejected statistically under likelihood based reconstructions. This latter hypothesis is consistent with the widely accepted hypothesis that the loss of ballistospory is irreversible. The transformation of fruiting body forms from nongastroid to gastroid was apparent in the lineage leading to Gautieria (Gomphales), but the tree topology and character state reconstructions supported that truffle-like taxa of the Phallales are ancestral to stinkhorns, which possess more complex, epigeous fruiting bodies. Importantly all taxa within the Phallales are statismosporic and thus the derived stinkhorn morphology does not require an independent gain of ballistospory. Biogeographical analyses of the Hysterangiales strongly suggest that the ectomycorrhizal lineages within the Hysterangiales originated in the East Gondwana. The synonymous substitution rate indicated a Paleozoic origin of the Hysterangiales although a possibility of a Cretaceous origin could not be discarded. Because modern ectomycorrhizal plants were absent during the Paleozoic era, a potential existence of the Hysterangiales during this time must be explained either by novel ectomycorrhizal association of the Hysterangiales with unknown plant lineages, or multiple, independent gains of ectomycorrhizal habit. The Paleozoic origin of the Hysterangiales also indicates that mycophagous animals may not be the most important factor for range expansions of the Hysterangiales. Taxonomic revisions are made for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi. One subclass (Phallomycetidae), two orders (Hysterangiales and Geastrales), four families (Gallaceaceae, Phallogastraceae, Trappeaceae and Sclerogastraceae), 7 genera (Austrohysterangium, Cribbangium, Rodwayomyces, Beeveromyces, Cazomyces, Insulomyces and Viridigautieria) and 22 new combinations are proposed. / Graduation date: 2006
2

Identificação molecular e integração de espécies amazônicas à filogenia molecular de fungos da ordem Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

Cabral, Tiara Sousa 20 April 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2016-09-15T14:19:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 07.Tese_Final_[TSC_040516]_CRC.pdf: 9288766 bytes, checksum: 2d306cbf52461fec570af84fa7c6d62f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T14:19:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 07.Tese_Final_[TSC_040516]_CRC.pdf: 9288766 bytes, checksum: 2d306cbf52461fec570af84fa7c6d62f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study aimed to integrate Amazonian species to the molecular phylogeny of the order Phallales using standard DNA sequences, and with this, to make inferences about the classification and evolution of the group. Specimens were collected along the main rivers of the Amazon basin: Negro, Madeira, Solimões, Amazonas and Tapajós. The specimens were herborized, deposited at the INPA herbarium, and small fragments of basidioma were excised for DNA extraction. ITS sequences were obtained from all specimens, and sequences from additional DNA regions were obtained depending on the group of study. Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed for molecular phylogenetic inferences, in addition to construction of species trees. This thesis is divided in four chapters. In the first chapter, one new species (Geastrum inpaense) and new records of gasteroid fungi are described: six species are new records for Central Amazonia (Geastrum lloydianum, G. schweinitzii, Phallus merulinus, Staheliomyces cinctus), one for Brazil (Phallus atrovolvatus) and one for South America (Mutinus fleischeri). In the second chapter, two new records of phalloid fungi are described for Brazil (Lysurus arachnoideus) and South America (Phallus cinnbarinus), with detailed morphological descriptions and images, in addition to ITS sequences. In the third chapter, the diversity observed in specimens of the monotypic genus Xylophallus was evaluated using morphological analysis allied to methods of species delimitation using five DNA regions. The analyses showed unexpected diversity in Xylophallus, by revealing three evolutionary units: one corresponds to X. xylogenus; another is a new species named X. clavatus; and the third corresponds to a cryptic species – the first record for phalloid fungi. In chapter four, the morphological and molecular diversity found in Amazonian specimens of Phallus indusiatus sensu lato was evaluated. The phylogenetic tree obtained with ITS sequences revealed four distinct clades, which agreed with morphological data. One clade corresponds to P. indusiatus Vent., The other three clades are morphologically different from P. indusiatus and any other species with white indusium, thus corresponding to three new species: P. amazonicus, which also has a new variety, P. amazonicus var. denigricans differentiated by the darker volva; P. squamulosus is characterized by the squamous surface of the volva and it was found in the Atlantic Rainforest; P. purpurascens is the most distinct and the largest among these new species, it has a pinkish volva, smaller reticulations on the receptaculum and smaller spores than the other species. Until 2012, there were only two records of Phallales for Brazilian Amazonia. Currently, 13 species are recorded, of which four species are new to science. These results show the importance of studying mycobiota from Neotropical forests, especially neglected groups such as phalloid fungi. It also demonstrates the importance of including molecular data in the study of systematics and evolution of fungi, and how these data should be explored. Testing different DNA regions other than ITS – the proposed barcode for fungi – and alternative species delimitation methods should also be considered. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal integrar espécies amazônicas à filogenia molecular da ordem Phallales com sequências diagnósticas padrões, e com este conjunto de dados inferir sobre a classificação e evolução do grupo. Para isso, coletas foram realizadas ao longo dos rios Amazonas, Solimões, Negro, Madeira e Tapajós. Os basidiomas coletados foram herborizados, depositados no Herbário do INPA, e fragmentos foram retirados para extração de DNA genômico. Foram obtidas sequências de ITS de todos os espécimes e, dependendo do grupo em estudo, foram obtidas sequências de outras regiões gênicas. Análises de Máxima Parcimônia e Bayesiana foram utilizadas para inferência filogenética molecular dos grupos em estudo, além da construção de árvores de espécies. Esta tese encontra-se dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, uma espécie nova (Geastrum inpaense) e novos registros de fungos gasteroides são descritos: seis espécies constituem novos registros para Amazônia Central (Geastrum lloydianum, G. schweinitzii, Phallus merulinus, Staheliomyces cinctus), uma para o Brasil (Phallus atrovolvatus) e uma para América do Sul (Mutinus fleischeri). O segundo capítulo, dois novos registros de fungos faloides são descritos para o Brasil (Lysurus arachnoideus) e América do Sul (Phallus cinnbarinus), com descrições morfológicas detalhadas e fotos, além de sequências da região ITS. No terceiro capítulo, a diversidade observada entre espécimes coletados do gênero monotípico Xylophallus foi avaliada por meio de análises morfológicas aliadas a métodos de delimitação de espécies utilizando sequências de cinco regiões gênicas. As análises mostraram uma diversidade inesperada dentro do gênero ao revelar a presença de três unidades evolutivas: uma corresponde a X. xylogenus; uma é uma espécie nova denominada X. clavatus; e a terceira corresponde a uma espécie críptica – o primeiro registro em fungos faloides. No quarto capítulo, foi avaliada a diversidade morfológica e molecular de Phallus indusiatus sensu lato coletada na Amazônia brasileira. A árvore filogenética obtida com sequências de ITS revelou quatro clados distintos que possuiam concordância com os dados morfológicos. Um clado corresponde a P. indusiatus Vent., cujos espécimes apresentam caracteres morfológicos iguais ou bem próximos à descrição original. Os outros três clados possuem características distintas de P. indusiatus e quaisquer outras espécies com indúsio branco, correspondendo portanto a três novas espécies: P. amazonicus possui também uma variedade nova, P. amazonicus var. denigricans, diferenciada principalmente pela coloração escura da volva; P. squamulosus é caracterizada pela volva com superfície escamosa e foi encontrada na Mata Atlântica; P. purpurascens é a espécie mais distinta, sendo a maior entre as espécies citadas, possui volva branca a lilás, reticulações do receptáculo estreitas e esporos menores que as demais espécies. Até 2012, haviam apenas dois registros de Phallales para a Amazônia brasileira. Atualmente podem ser contabilizadas 13 espécies de fungos faloides para a Amazônia brasileira, sendo quatro dessas espécies novas para a ciência. Esses resultados demonstram a importância de estudar a micobiota de florestas Neotropicais, principalmente de grupos negligenciados como os fungos faloides. Demostra também a importância da inclusão de dados moleculares no estudo de taxonomia e sistemática de fungos, e como esses dados podem ser explorados. Testar diferentes regiões gênicas além de ITS – o barcode proposto de fungos – e métodos alternativos de delimitação de espécies também devem ser levados em consideração.

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