A faringe é um órgão muscular que se sustenta nos ossos da face e crânio. Dividindo-se em naso, oro e hipofaringe, pode ser considerada um tubo colabável que atende aos sistemas respiratório e digestivo, participando da respiração, deglutição e fonação. Sua conformação anatômica permite que fatores como obesidade, hipotonia muscular e deficiência mandibular favoreçam sua obstrução, podendo gerar a Síndrome da Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). Para os pacientes portadores de deficiência mandibular, o tratamento deve desobstruir a faringe por meio de avanço mandibular, aumentando as dimensões faríngeas. A determinação do local de obstrução é fundamental para o adequado tratamento, sendo a análise cefalométrica convencional ou computadorizada, ferramenta útil nesse processo. Da mesma forma que o avanço mandibular aumenta o espaço aéreo faríngeo, espera-se que o recuo de mandíbula reduza-o. Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações cefalométricas do espaço aéreo faríngeo frente aos procedimentos de cirurgia ortognática para correção de prognatismo mandibular, realizou-se a análise cefalométrica pré e pós-operatória de 19 pacientes submetidos a recuo de mandíbula pela técnica da osteotomia sagital de mandíbula bilateral associada a avanço de maxila por meio de osteotomia Le Fort I, utilizando-se o Programa Dolphin Imaging 10.0. Os resultados obtidos com base nas características do grupo de pacientes estudado não evidenciaram alterações estatisticamente significativas nos espaços aéreos faríngeos superior ou nasofaríngeo, médio ou orofaríngeo e inferior ou hipofaríngeo, o que permitiu concluir que o Programa Dolphin Imaging 10.0 pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para análise cefalométrica do espaço aéreo faríngeo e que a cirurgia ortognática maxilo/mandibular, para correção de prognatismo mandibular, parece não alterar os espaços aéreos faríngeos. / Pharynx is a muscular organ with is sustained by craniofacial bones. It is divided into nasal, oral and hipopharynx, and can be considered as a tube that can be closed serving both respiratory and digestive systems, participating of breathing, swallowing and speech. Its anatomical morphology permits that factors such as obesity, muscular hipotony, and mandibular deficiency, among others, facilitate its obstruction, leading to the sleep apnea syndrome (OAS). The treatment consists of surgical mandibular advancement for the desobstruction of the pharynx, once this procedure increases pharyngeal dimensions. In this context, the determination of the site of the obstruction is essential for an adequate treatment, and conventional or digital cephalometries are useful tools for this diagnosis. If mandible advancement increases pharyngeal air space it is expected that mandible setback decreases such space. In order to evaluate cephalometric alterations of pharyngeal air space after orthognatic surgeries for the correction of mandibular prognatism, cephalometric analysis of 18 patients before and after surgical correction were performed using Dolphin Imaging 10.0 Program. The surgical technique consisted of bilateral mandibular sagital osteotomy associated to maxilla advancement and mentoplasty. Results did not reveal statistical differences for 142 the superior (naso), medium (oral), and inferior (hypopharynx) pharyngeal air spaces, leading to the conclusion that Dolphin Imaging 10.0 Program can be used for the analysis of the pharyngeal air space and that the surgical procedure seems not to interfere in the airway space.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective cohort study tested the effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) on symmetrical volumetric changes in the nasal cavity. Volumetric changes in overall nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oropharynx were also assessed as well as minimum cross-sectional width changes and molar angulation in association with RME. METHODS: CBCT scans of before and after RME treatment for 28 subjects (17 females, 11 males, average age 9.85 ± 2.42 years) were collected from a previously de-identified database. All subjects were treated for maxillary constriction using banded hyrax expanders. Mimics software was utilized to segment the nasal and pharyngeal airways and create various compartments (left and right nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oropharynx) for volumetric analysis. Minimum cross-sectional width measurements and maxillary first molar angulation were also assessed. Paired T-test was used to quantify the changes brought about by expansion. Statistical significance was set at the 0.05 level. RESULTS: Posterior expansion as measured between right and left greater palatine foramen (GPF) averaged 2.41 mm (SD = 1.03 mm). There were statistically significant differences in overall nasal cavity (2249.6 ± 2102.5 mm3), right nasal cavity (968.8 ± 1082.7), left nasal cavity (1197.3 ± 1587.0), nasopharyngeal (1000.6 ± 917.7), and oropharyngeal (2349.2 ± 2520.8) volumes. In comparing the right to left nasal cavity, no significant changes were noted for initial volume, post-expansion volume, or pre to post-expansion changes (T2-T1). For cross-sectional analysis, the right nasal cavity (0.13 ± 0.07 mm) and left nasal cavity (0.11 ± 0.06 mm) showed significant increases in minimum crosssectional width measurements. Initial maxillary molar angulation had no significant correlation to initial nasal cavity volume on either side. CONCLUSIONS: RME has significant benefits to increasing nasal and pharyngeal airway cavity volumes in all segments of the airway. Nasal cavity expands symmetrically. Minimum cross-sectional width of the left and right nasal cavities showed highly symmetrical improvements. Initial maxillary molar angulation has no relationship to initial nasal cavity volume.

A faringe é um órgão muscular que se sustenta nos ossos da face e crânio. Dividindo-se em naso, oro e hipofaringe, pode ser considerada um tubo colabável que atende aos sistemas respiratório e digestivo, participando da respiração, deglutição e fonação. Sua conformação anatômica permite que fatores como obesidade, hipotonia muscular e deficiência mandibular favoreçam sua obstrução, podendo gerar a Síndrome da Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). Para os pacientes portadores de deficiência mandibular, o tratamento deve desobstruir a faringe por meio de avanço mandibular, aumentando as dimensões faríngeas. A determinação do local de obstrução é fundamental para o adequado tratamento, sendo a análise cefalométrica convencional ou computadorizada, ferramenta útil nesse processo. Da mesma forma que o avanço mandibular aumenta o espaço aéreo faríngeo, espera-se que o recuo de mandíbula reduza-o. Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações cefalométricas do espaço aéreo faríngeo frente aos procedimentos de cirurgia ortognática para correção de prognatismo mandibular, realizou-se a análise cefalométrica pré e pós-operatória de 19 pacientes submetidos a recuo de mandíbula pela técnica da osteotomia sagital de mandíbula bilateral associada a avanço de maxila por meio de osteotomia Le Fort I, utilizando-se o Programa Dolphin Imaging 10.0. Os resultados obtidos com base nas características do grupo de pacientes estudado não evidenciaram alterações estatisticamente significativas nos espaços aéreos faríngeos superior ou nasofaríngeo, médio ou orofaríngeo e inferior ou hipofaríngeo, o que permitiu concluir que o Programa Dolphin Imaging 10.0 pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para análise cefalométrica do espaço aéreo faríngeo e que a cirurgia ortognática maxilo/mandibular, para correção de prognatismo mandibular, parece não alterar os espaços aéreos faríngeos. / Pharynx is a muscular organ with is sustained by craniofacial bones. It is divided into nasal, oral and hipopharynx, and can be considered as a tube that can be closed serving both respiratory and digestive systems, participating of breathing, swallowing and speech. Its anatomical morphology permits that factors such as obesity, muscular hipotony, and mandibular deficiency, among others, facilitate its obstruction, leading to the sleep apnea syndrome (OAS). The treatment consists of surgical mandibular advancement for the desobstruction of the pharynx, once this procedure increases pharyngeal dimensions. In this context, the determination of the site of the obstruction is essential for an adequate treatment, and conventional or digital cephalometries are useful tools for this diagnosis. If mandible advancement increases pharyngeal air space it is expected that mandible setback decreases such space. In order to evaluate cephalometric alterations of pharyngeal air space after orthognatic surgeries for the correction of mandibular prognatism, cephalometric analysis of 18 patients before and after surgical correction were performed using Dolphin Imaging 10.0 Program. The surgical technique consisted of bilateral mandibular sagital osteotomy associated to maxilla advancement and mentoplasty. Results did not reveal statistical differences for 142 the superior (naso), medium (oral), and inferior (hypopharynx) pharyngeal air spaces, leading to the conclusion that Dolphin Imaging 10.0 Program can be used for the analysis of the pharyngeal air space and that the surgical procedure seems not to interfere in the airway space.

Introduction: L’arthrite juvénile idiopathique (AJI) est la maladie rhumatologique la plus fréquente de l’enfance. L’atteinte de l’articulation temporomandibulaire est fréquente, ce qui engendre des perturbations de croissance et peut causer des dysmorphies crâniofaciales, des problèmes respiratoires, et l’apnée obstructive du sommeil. Une rotation postérieure de la mandibule, une anomalie de développement transversal maxillaire, et une posture abaissée de la langue sont souvent observés. Une expansion palatine rapide (EPR) pourrait corriger la posture de la langue, augmenter le volume des voies respiratoires pharyngées, ainsi qu’améliorer la qualité de la respiration chez les patients atteints d’AJI. Objectifs: Il y avait trois objectifs distincts pour cette étude: 1- Quantifier l’effet de l’EPR sur le volume des voies respiratoires pharyngées chez les patients atteints d’AJI 2- Évaluer l’effet de l’EPR sur la posture de la langue 3- Évaluer l’effet de l’EPR sur la qualité de la respiration Méthodes: Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes: contrôle (n=11) et AJI (n=11). Un questionnaire médical, un questionnaire portant sur la qualité de la respiration et une tomographie volumique à faisceau conique (TVFC) ont été administrés avant (T0) et après (T1 = 7 mois) une EPR par Hyrax. Le volume des voies respiratoires pharyngées, la posture de la langue et la qualité de la respiration ont été comparés aux deux points temporels mentionnés. Résultats: Une augmentation statistiquement significative (p=0.004) du volume des voies respiratoires pharyngées à la suite de l’EPR a été observée dans le groupe contrôle, cependant, ceci n’était pas le cas dans le groupe expérimental (p=0.580). De plus, l’interaction groupe-temps n’était pas statistiquement significative (p=0.073), et le changement non-significatif du volume intra-oral dans le groupe contrôle (p=0.442) et expérimental (p=0.761) n’a pas confirmé un effet de l’EPR sur la posture de la langue. Finalement, les patients des deux groupes n’ont pas rapporté de changements subjectifs vis-à-vis la qualité de leur respiration suite à l’EPR. Conclusion: Une augmentation significative du volume des voies aériennes pharyngées a été observée suite à l’expansion palatine rapide dans le groupe contrôle. Cependant, cet effet n’a pas été observé chez les patients atteints d’AJI. D’autre part, la posture de la langue est demeurée inchangée dans les deux groupes, et aucune amélioration subjective de la qualité de la respiration n’a été rapportée chez les participants de cette étude. / Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common childhood rheumatic disorder. Temporomandibular joint involvement is frequent, which instigates growth disturbances and can lead to craniofacial deformities, respiratory problems, and obstructive sleep apnea. Common findings include posterior rotation of the mandible, maxillary transverse deficiency and low tongue posture. Rapid palatal expansion (RPE) could allow proper tongue positioning, increase pharyngeal airway volume, and improve respiratory quality in patients with JIA. Objectives: There were three distinct objectives for this study: 1- Quantify the effect of RPE on pharyngeal airway volume in patients with JIA 2- Evaluate the effect of RPE on tongue posture 3- Evaluate the effect of RPE on respiratory quality Materials and Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: control (n=11) and JIA (n=11). Medical history and respiratory quality questionnaires, as well as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams, were administered before (T0) and after (T1 = 7 months) rapid palatal expansion using a Hyrax expander. Pharyngeal airway volume, tongue posture and respiratory quality were compared at both time points. Results: There was an overall statistically significant increase (p=0.004) in pharyngeal airway volume following RPE in the control group, however, this was not replicated in the experimental group (p=0.580). In addition, the group-time interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.073), and the non-significant changes in intra-oral volume in the control (p=0.442) and experimental (p=0.761) groups did not confirm an effect of RPE on tongue posture. Finally, neither patient group reported a subjective change in their quality of respiration following RPE. Conclusion: Rapid maxillary expansion appeared to significantly increase pharyngeal airway volume in healthy individuals, yet this effect wasn't observed in patients affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Tongue posture remained consistent across both groups, and there were no reported subjective alterations in the respiratory quality among all participants.