The conventional approach for x-ray radiography is absorption contrast. In recent years a new approach that eliminates the usual requirement for absorption and allows the visualization of phase based on refractive index features in a material has been demonstrated. This so-called “phase contrast imaging” has now been applied using a wide range of radiation and samples. In this work we are motivated by the need to find optimal conditions for achieving high quality phase contrast images. We consider image formation using the free space propagation of x-rays from a point source passing through a sample. This imaging model is a lens-less configuration and, as such, is very useful for x-ray wavelengths where lenses are difficult to fabricate. Although no lenses are used, image magnification is still achieved due to the expansion of the wavefront as it propagates from the point source illumination. The short wavelength and penetrating power of x-rays make them ideal for non-destructive studies of microscopic samples. However, these techniques are also important for investigating larger, non-microscopic samples.

Depuis l'arrêt définitif des essais nucléaires, la Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM) du CEA s'appuiesur le triptyque modélisation physique - validation expérimentale - simulation numérique pour comprendre,prévoir et garantir le fonctionnement des armes nucléaires. Parmi les grands équipements contribuant à lavalidation des modèles physiques implémentés dans les logiciels de calcul, le Laser MegaJoule permetd'étudier expérimentalement des phénomènes de même nature que ceux intervenant dans les armes. La familled'objets expérimentés sur cette installation est dénommée « microcibles laser». Les microballons intégrés dansces microcibles sont caractérisés par des techniques de radiographie X. Les brusques variations de niveau degris observées sur les clichés X de microballons témoignent de la 'présence d'un phénomène de contraste dephase, contraste s'ajoutant au contraste d'absorption. L'information contenue dans ce phénomène est utiliséepour une détection de contours du microballon radiographié. Les points trouvés lors de la détection de contourssont alors utilisés par un algorithme d'estimation des défauts de formes des surfaces des microballons. Uneétude paramétrique permet d'identifier le nombre de clichés nécessaire à l'estimation des défauts de forme enfonction du nombre de modes souhaités. L'incertitude de la méthode d'estimation est calculée permettant lacaractérisation complète du microballon. / Since 1996, the CEA's Military Applications Division (DAM) guaranties the reliability and safety of Frenchnuclear warheads without conducting any further nuclear test. It relies particularly on major facilities forvalidating the equations used to model the functioning of nuclear weapons. Among them, the Megajoule Laser(LMJ) allows studying experimentally, as "laboratory" measurements, representative phenomena gatheringtime·scale and space distribution of extreme temperature and pressure conditions. These experiments are ledwith millimetric objects named microshells. Before experimenting them, these microshells are characterizedusing X·rays technics. On the radiographies, one can observe straight gray level variations which are generatedby the phase contrast phenomenon added to x·rays absorption contrast. Information included in this formercontrast is used to sharply determine microshell's edges. The delimiting points of these edges are thenintegrated as input data to compute microshell's surface form defects. A study is also led to determine theoptimized number of radiographies needed for estimating the search defect modes. Measurement uncertainty isfinally evaluated, thus giving a complete microshell's characterization.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

<p>The accuracy and precision of measurements of pulsating flow obtained with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI) was studied. Measurements were carried out using known flow rates through a phantom connected to a pump that created pulsation in the flow. Repeated measurements were made in both the negative and positive encoding direction, using both breath-hold and non breath hold sequences. The obtained data was analyzed using code written in MATLAB and also using the FLOW software that is offered by the manufacturer of the MRI system.</p><p>A range of different flow velocities was scanned, and results show that the overall accuracy of the measurements is relatively good, with an average error of between 1.2% to 5.7% using the clinically employed flow calculation software. There is however indication of a systematic phase offset in the data that influences the measurements. The effect of the offset on the results depends on the direction of flow and the sequence used. The results also show the importance of properly selecting the area over which the flow rate is calculated.</p>

The focus of this dissertation is to study the keV X-ray emission from different Z material to develop compact, quasi-continuous tabletop K sources for the application of in-line phase contrast imaging, X-ray diffraction experiments and X-ray microscopy. The emission occurs from plasma produced by focusing 120 fs, 800 nm and 300 J Ti:Sapphire laser pulses up to an intensity of few times 1016 W/cm2 on Cu, Fe and Ag metal targets. The main interest of these experiments is to characterize the fast electrons and X-ray emission from the laser plasma interaction. The investigation of X-ray emission energy and spectral characteristics is carried out by employing three detector systems which include filtered pin-diode, Charge Coupled Device and CdTe pulse height detectors. Scaling of photon flux as a function of incident laser energy is measured and related to the dynamics and absorption mechanisms involved in laser matter interaction. Specifically the construction and evaluation of K X-ray sources operated at 1 kHz repetition rate is reported with a photon flux of ~ 7109 photon/s, 3109 photon/s and 1.4107 photon/s around the K line for Cu, Fe and Ag respectively. These K fluences correspond to energy conversion efficiencies of around Cu = 310-5, Fe = 1.0610-5 and Ag = 210-7. The Cu and Fe K X-ray sources are applied to thin biological specimens and low atomic number (Z) materials to record in-line phase contrast images. It is demonstrated that the laser based K sources can serve as alternative sources for conventional X-ray radiography of biological samples in clinical applications. / Photonics and Plasmas

The accuracy and precision of measurements of pulsating flow obtained with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC MRI) was studied. Measurements were carried out using known flow rates through a phantom connected to a pump that created pulsation in the flow. Repeated measurements were made in both the negative and positive encoding direction, using both breath-hold and non breath hold sequences. The obtained data was analyzed using code written in MATLAB and also using the FLOW software that is offered by the manufacturer of the MRI system. A range of different flow velocities was scanned, and results show that the overall accuracy of the measurements is relatively good, with an average error of between 1.2% to 5.7% using the clinically employed flow calculation software. There is however indication of a systematic phase offset in the data that influences the measurements. The effect of the offset on the results depends on the direction of flow and the sequence used. The results also show the importance of properly selecting the area over which the flow rate is calculated.

Heart diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries, hence, understanding of the hemodynamics of the heart is critically important to enable methods for cardiovascular diagnosis. Assessment of intracardiac blood pressure is highly interesting as blood flow is driven by the pressure differences. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a tool for measuring blood flow and has a wide range of cardiovascular applications. Based on previous studies, an approach to estimate the relative pressure fields in the human heart from three-dimensional time-resolved PC-MRI velocity data was implemented and evaluated. The relative pressure fields were obtained by solving the pressure Poisson equation, using a multi-grid approach. The method was evaluated on a numerical phantom and on PC-MRI data from one healthy subject and one patient with dilated cardiomyopathy. The pressure field was visualized in combination with blood flow data and morphological images. Results indicate that the used approach works well for cardiac relative pressure estimation and are in agreement with findings from previous research. The complete spatial and temporal coverage of relative pressure enables a higher understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of the human heart and is expected to give new insights for clinical investigations.

No description available.

In this work, two innovations were demonstrated for in-situ 3D study of fatigue cracks and their closure as a function of applied load. The first related to improvements in how absorption microtomography is used to study fatigue cracks. The second is a new approach to 3D crack mapping relying on X-ray phase imaging and stereometric approaches. Absorption microtomography was used to determine crack surface positions. Crack opening was measured from absorption microtomography data both before and after crack extension and patterns of opening at several loads were analyzed for both cases. X-ray phase contrast imaging, an alternative approach to absorption microtomography, whose sensitivity to cracks is not strongly affected by the shape of the specimen, was also investigated. Increased sensitivity of phase imaging to cracks, compared to that of the absorption X-ray methods, allowed detecting crack positions up to the crack tip with no load applied to the sample. Stereometry reconstruction based on the phase microradiographs was carried out, and the results were compared with those of absorption microtomography on the same specimen. This study demonstrated that it is possible to reconstruct accurate 3D positions of features inside optically opaque sample by recording several X-ray phase microradiographs.

No description available.