Este trabalho pretende pesquisar e analisar as relações de poder que envolviam a monarquia e as Cortes (1590-1598) na Espanha, com enfoque em Castela, durante o reinado de Felipe II (1556-1598). Devido à existência de ampla documentação disponível sobre as Cortes, o recorte definido neste projeto será as últimas Cortes desse período. É nesse momento que os conflitos entre o rei e os procuradores se tornaram mais intensos e os discursos ganharam contornos mais radicais devido, principalmente, aos problemas financeiros enfrentados pela Coroa. Esta pesquisa se propõe a desenvolver um estudo sobre a esfera do poder na Espanha moderna a partir da análise da configuração política da monarquia e suas relações com outros poderes, no caso específico do projeto, as Cortes, que envolve também a disputa pelo discurso político, mobilizado em torno dos interesses almejados pelas duas instituições. Assim, esta proposta pretende investigar as representações políticas elaboradas pelas Cortes, e perceber como se inseriam na cultura e no pensamento político na Espanha quinhentista / This work aims to research and analyse the power relations between the monarchy and the Cortes (1590-1598), with emphasis in Castile, during the reign of Philip II (1556-1598). Due to the large documentation available regarded to the Cortes, the temporal mark defined in this investigation will be that one of the last Castilian Cortes of that time. That´s the moment when the conflicts between the king and the proctors became more radical, mainly because the financial problems faced by the Crown. This research has the proposal to develop a study concerned to the power sphere in the Early Modern Spain from the analysis of the political configuration of the monarchy and its relations with another powers, on the specifical case of this project, the Cortes, that also involves the contest for the political speech, mobilized according to the interests of both institutions. This proposal intends to investigate the political representations developed by the Cortes and to understand how it was inserted in the culture and political thinking of Spain in the XVI century

The aim of this thesis is to investigate ideas of empire and imperialism in the architecture, urbanism and culture of the Iberian Peninsula during the sixteenth century. At this time, the Monarchia Hispanica ruled by Philip II of Spain was Europe’s most powerful composite monarchy, with an empire that stretched from Europe to the Americas and South-East Asia. One of the ways in which the Castilian monarch displayed his power and authority was through architecture and artistic display. The way the empire saw itself, and the manner in which it wished to be seen, was thus projected in a number of buildings in Iberian cities. Therefore, the basic premise of the thesis is to consider how the idea of ‘empire’ affected the way the Castilian monarch saw himself as ‘ruler’ of a ‘global empire’. This thesis explores these ideas of empowerment through a number of case studies that reflect the way the ‘centre’ of the empire was affected by Universal Monarchy. With Madrid as the capital of this empire from 1561, the Castilian monarchy designed new spaces in the old city that were intended to echo imperial glory. Philip II regulated the building fabric in the city to conform to a universal and homogeneous imperial city model that had been implemented in the Indies in previous decades. This is precisely the focus of the first case study, with a new approach to understanding the debated decade of the 1560s in the urban history of Madrid. I propose a novel perspective on the utopian planning of Madrid, through comparison with urban legislation enforced in other domains of the empire. Philip II’s empire was ruled through the written word, with a highly specialised and sophisticated bureaucracy. This bureaucratic character was mirrored in the architectural reforms of Simancas fortress to adapt it for archival needs. The archive in Simancas is the second case study: this is a multi-layered examination of cultural and political history and how this was reflected in the spatial configuration of the new archival chambers. I identify a hitherto unknown European vernacular tradition in the architecture of the incipient sixteenth-century regal archives. The architectural expansion in the fortress contextualises the crucial role that the archives played in the expansion and cohesion of the composite monarchies under Philip II’s rule. As the supremacy of Philip as ruler of a global empire was emphasised both through the arts and propaganda during the union of 1580, the celebration of the union of Portugal with the Monarchia Hispanica is the focus of chapter three: the joyous entry of the ruler into Lisbon in 1581. I demonstrate how sections of this entry were clearly designed to evoke the imperial vision defined at Philip II’s court, while other ephemeral displays were the result of local traditions. The interaction of both realities is critical for comprehension of how the monarch wished to be seen in his new realm, and of the difficult relationships between the ruler and the ruled. This imperial dominion was also displayed architecturally in significant regal buildings, such as the Monastery of El Escorial, the most paradigmatic example of the Austriaco style created under Phillip II’s rule. The final part of this thesis examines a chamber in this building: the Hall of Battles. This chamber is ornamented with impressive frescoes representing victorious battles. I explore the themes emerging from the Hall of Battles, such as the war against heresy and infidels, the propagation of faith and the Spanish hegemony in Europe, amongst others. These themes were treated in many of the chronicles, sermons, and eulogies printed in Madrid and throughout the empire. By examining how these are narrated in the funeral chronicles, I consider how the ruler wished himself to be portrayed in his kingdom upon death. In short, all these case studies explore from diverse perspectives and locations how Spain’s imperial expansion during the sixteenth century allowed Philip to project and communicate an image of himself as the monarch of a worldwide empire through art and architecture.

Este trabalho pretende pesquisar e analisar as relações de poder que envolviam a monarquia e as Cortes (1590-1598) na Espanha, com enfoque em Castela, durante o reinado de Felipe II (1556-1598). Devido à existência de ampla documentação disponível sobre as Cortes, o recorte definido neste projeto será as últimas Cortes desse período. É nesse momento que os conflitos entre o rei e os procuradores se tornaram mais intensos e os discursos ganharam contornos mais radicais devido, principalmente, aos problemas financeiros enfrentados pela Coroa. Esta pesquisa se propõe a desenvolver um estudo sobre a esfera do poder na Espanha moderna a partir da análise da configuração política da monarquia e suas relações com outros poderes, no caso específico do projeto, as Cortes, que envolve também a disputa pelo discurso político, mobilizado em torno dos interesses almejados pelas duas instituições. Assim, esta proposta pretende investigar as representações políticas elaboradas pelas Cortes, e perceber como se inseriam na cultura e no pensamento político na Espanha quinhentista / This work aims to research and analyse the power relations between the monarchy and the Cortes (1590-1598), with emphasis in Castile, during the reign of Philip II (1556-1598). Due to the large documentation available regarded to the Cortes, the temporal mark defined in this investigation will be that one of the last Castilian Cortes of that time. That´s the moment when the conflicts between the king and the proctors became more radical, mainly because the financial problems faced by the Crown. This research has the proposal to develop a study concerned to the power sphere in the Early Modern Spain from the analysis of the political configuration of the monarchy and its relations with another powers, on the specifical case of this project, the Cortes, that also involves the contest for the political speech, mobilized according to the interests of both institutions. This proposal intends to investigate the political representations developed by the Cortes and to understand how it was inserted in the culture and political thinking of Spain in the XVI century

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The following research records the functionality of collections of wealthy individuals in an effort to clarify the current system of collection categorization. Although many functions were indeed possible, this research will be restricted to the discussion of collections in which objects reveal the collector’s devotional, social, and intellectual curiosity. These classifications reflect the most prevalent themes initiated by my research on collections of royal and affluent collectors during the Early Modern Period, and as such are the three most rational means of discussing collections as functional, working, tools.

In November 1558, Elizabeth I ascended the throne of England as a single Queen with Protestant tendencies in a male-dominated Catholic world. Her council believed it was imperative that she marry immediately, and the rest of Western Europe agreed. Catholic suitors sought to bring England back under Catholic control. Protestant suitors hoped for an ally in the religious wars that were ravaging Europe. Even Englishmen sought to become king. Ambassadors from the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Baltics and Scotland came to negotiate the suits of their monarchs. Ambassadorial correspondences are often used as primary source material for historians, yet few rarely recognize the importance of the ambassador and his role in the court, especially during the marriage negotiations of Elizabeth I. Ambassadors left their home to live in a foreign country, often for long periods of time. The ambassadors were the embodiment of their sovereigns during the negotiations, and often success or failure rested on their abilities. An ambassador was the eyes and ears of the Elizabethan court for his sovereign in a foreign country. They wrote minutely detailed letters that included basic facts and information along with court gossip and personal opinions and recommendations. Their intimate relationship with the Queen and her court made their recommendations invaluable to their monarch. They were far more than mere note takers and should be recognized as such. The focus of this thesis deals primarily with the ambassadorial reports of the Spanish and Hapsburg ambassadors as they participated in the negotiations in one form or another during the time frame discussed, 1558-1560. They also not only wrote about their own negotiations but the negotiations involving Protestant and English suitors. Their reports are full of pertinent information that, without, their monarchs would have been blind to the goings on of the English court. The marriage of Elizabeth I was seen as a priority by all except her. During the first two years of her reign, more than a half dozen suits were pursued, not just by kings and dukes, earls and knights, but, more importantly, by their ambassadors.

The following research records the functionality of collections of wealthy individuals in an effort to clarify the current system of collection categorization. Although many functions were indeed possible, this research will be restricted to the discussion of collections in which objects reveal the collector’s devotional, social, and intellectual curiosity. These classifications reflect the most prevalent themes initiated by my research on collections of royal and affluent collectors during the Early Modern Period, and as such are the three most rational means of discussing collections as functional, working, tools.

This thesis is a study of the reasons for the failure of the Third Crusade to achieve its stated objectives, despite the many advantages with which the venture began. It is proposed herein that the Third Crusade—and by extension all of the previous and subsequent Crusades—were destined to fail because of structural disadvantages which plagued the expeditions to the Holy Land. The Christians in the Holy Land were not selfsufficient, and they depended on an extensive amount of aid from Europe for their existence, but the Christians of Europe had their own goals and concerns which did not allow them to focus on building a stable kingdom in the Holy Land. For European Christians, crusading was a religious obligation, and once their vows were fulfilled, they no longer had any desire to remain in the Levant. Although the Crusaders did score some short-term victories over their Muslim adversaries, the Christian presence in the Holy Land was unsustainable, for the Crusades—from the European perspective—were a religious movement without a tangible, long-term political objective, and given those circumstance, any crusade would be unsuccessful.

This thesis transcribes and translates the war correspondence of King Philip II from the year 1592. The original manuscripts are held at the Harold B. Lee Library in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). The original manuscripts have been diplomatically transcribed meaning that the transcription respects the original orthography, accentuation, abbreviations, and word divisions. For easy comparison, a facsimile of each manuscript has been provided and appears before its corresponding transcription. The translation strategy used is a modified version of a “fluent translation” as described by Lawrence Venuti. Instead of removing all foreign aspects of the source language (Spanish), some political and monetary terms have been borrowed because of a lack of a cultural and lexical equivalent in the target language (English). The definitions of these words have been provided at the end of the translation section. Also provided is a brief history about Philip II and his rise to being king of Spain along with his political ideologies and policies towards the Netherlands and England. This biography provides the historical context to better understand the content of the letters and their impact on history.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to consider how Philip II of Macedonia presented himself to the Greek peoples after the Battle of Chaeronea in 336 BC. It examines the context and program of the Philippeion at Olympia in order to determine how Philip II negotiated his royal status in response to Greek opinion. This study takes into account the traditional role of the Macedonian kings, how they typically portrayed themselves, and to what purpose. It also explores Philip's propaganda specifically and the differing responses of various Greek peoples. <p lang="en-CA">Although Philip's role as Hegemon of the League of Corinth seems to be at odds with the Philippeion's classification as a victory monument and a display of the king's authority, further examination reveals that the Philippeion conforms with Philip's program of propaganda. It's message is also adaptable to the various perceptions of the Greek peoples as well as any Macedonian viewers. <p lang="en-CA"></p> / Master of Arts (MA)