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Synchronic and diachronic morphoprosody : evidence from Mapudungun and Early EnglishMolineaux Ress, Benjamin Joseph January 2014 (has links)
In the individual grammars of time-bound speakers, as well as in the historical transmission of a language, prosodic and morphological domains are forced to interact. This research focuses, in particular, on stress, and its instantiation in different domains of the morphological structure. It asks what factors are involved in prioritising one system – morphology or stress assignment – over the other and how radical the consequences of this may be on the overall structure of the language. The data comes from two typologically distinct languages: Mapudungun (previously 'Araucanian'), a polysynthetic and agglutinating language isolate from Chile and Argentina documented for over 400 years; and English, far further into the isolating and fusional spectra, and documented from the 7th century onwards. In both languages, we focus on morphologically complex words and how they evolve in relation to stress. In Mapudungun we examine the entire historical period, while in English we focus on the changes from Old to Middle English (8th -14th centuries). The analyses show how different types of data (from acoustics, to native and non-native intuitions; from historical corpora, to present-day experimentation techniques), can be used in order to assess whether the prosodic system will accommodate to the demarcation of morphological domains or whether morphological structure is to be shoehorned into the prosodic system's rhythmic pattern. Original contemporary field and experimental work on Mapudungun shows stress to fall on right-aligned moraic trochees in the stem and word domains. This contradicts claims in the foot-typology literature, where Araucanian stress goes from left to right, building quantity-insensitive iambs. A reconstruction of the history of the stress system suggests a transition from quantity insensitivity to sensitivity and the establishment of two domains of stress, which ultimately facilitates the parsing of word-internal structure, emphasising the demarcative function of stress. In the case of Early English, the focus is on the prefixal domain. Here the optimisation of the stress system – also trochaic – is shown to reduce the instances of clash in the language at large. As a result, a split in the prefixal system is identified, where prefixes constituting heavy, non-branching feet are avoided – and are ultimately lost – due to clash with root-initial stress, while light and branching feet remain in the language. In this case, it is the rhythmic or structural role of stress that is emphasised. Language internal factors are evaluated – in particular morphological type and stress properties – alongside external factors such as contact (with Chilean Spanish and Norman French), in order to provide a more general context for the observed changes and synchronic structure of the languages. A key concept in the analysis is that of 'pertinacity', the conservative nature of transmission in grammars, which leads learners to perpetuate perceived core elements of the system.
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A segmentação não-convencional na escrita dos alunos do ensino fundamental II: dos erros aos acertos pela reescrita de texto / The unconventional segmentation in the writing of elementary school ii students: the errors to correct usage in the rewritten textGarcia, Vera Lucia de Souza 05 February 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Did the identification, description and categorization of the phenomena considered language of the non-written agreements, phonological and orthographic origin, not suitable for standard written norm, showing an increased incidence of hypo- and hyper words in the textual productions of the students. Established, then the question - problem: What factor (or factors) does (do) that there is the incidence of hypo- and hyper writing students EF-II? To answer the question and understand the nature of the targets phenomenon unconventional, its phonetic, phonological and morphological character, we rely on Mattoso House (1985) and Bisol (2001); by Abaurre; Fiad and Mayrink Sabinson (1997); Oliveira (2009), Cagliari (2009), in view of the heterogeneity of language, speech / orality / writing / literacy; we base on Corrêa (2004); Capristano (2004); Chacon (2004 and 2006) Cunha (2004 and 2010). We found that unconventional segmentation present in the writing of the subjects scribes of our research are established both in terms of prosody, specific of prosodic constituents, as due to the heterogeneous constitution of written language as individuation points Scribe by circulation in the genesis of language and the image that it makes written code institutionalized. In view of these findings, based on Abaurre; Salek Fiad; Mayrink-Sabinson and Geraldi (1995); Leal and Brandao (2006); Salek-Fiad (2009); Ruiz (2013), about writing and the rewriting of texts, we propose a roadmap of writing and rewriting text activities, focusing on students' difficulties, as reworking strategy of non-conventional segmentation - hypo- and hyper. / A dificuldade apresentada pelos alunos em apreender as convenções da norma padrão da língua escrita tem sido bastante discutida em ambiente educacional. Os problemas se caracterizam em relação às convenções da língua escrita, são muitos e podem ser encontrados na produção escrita de alunos em todos os níveis de ensino. Isto assinala um não domínio da escrita convencional e transforma a produção de texto na escola uma ação incômoda. A percepção do fato nos levou a estabelecer o objetivo de compreender quais critérios linguísticos e da relação sujeito/linguagem podiam explicar a presença desses eventos na escrita de alunos do 6º ao 9º Ano do EF-II, integrantes do Projeto Jornal Escolar, em uma instituição pública de ensino da região noroeste do Paraná. Fizemos a identificação, a descrição e a categorização dos fenômenos considerados não-convenções da língua escrita, de origem fonológica e ortográfica, não adequados à norma padrão escrita, constatando maior incidência de hipo e hipersegmentação de palavras nas produções textuais dos alunos. Estabelecemos, assim, a questão-problema: Que fator (ou fatores) faz (fazem) com que haja essa incidência de hipo e hipersegmentação na escrita de alunos do EF-II? Para responder à questão e compreender a natureza do fenômeno de segmentações não-convencionais, seu caráter fonético-fonológico e morfológico, baseamo-nos em Mattoso Câmara (1985) e Bisol (2001); em Abaurre; Fiad e Mayrink Sabinson (1997); em Oliveira (2009) e em Cagliari (2009), na perspectiva da heterogeneidade da língua, da relação fala/oralidade/escrita/letramento; fundamentamos em Corrêa (2004); em Capristano (2004); em Chacon (2004; 2006), em Cunha (2004; 2010). Constatamos que a segmentação não-convencional presente na escrita dos escreventes sujeitos da nossa pesquisa se estabelecem tanto em função da prosódia, específico dos constituintes prosódicos, quanto em função da constituição heterogênea da língua escrita como pontos de individuação do escrevente pela circulação na gênese da língua e na imagem que ele faz do código escrito institucionalizado. Frente a essas constatações, baseadas em Abaurre; Salek Fiad; Mayrink-Sabinson e Geraldi (1995); em Leal e Brandrão (2006); em Salek-Fiad (2009) e em Ruiz (2013) sobre escrita e reescrita de texto, pudemos propor um roteiro de atividades de escrita e de reescrita de texto, focalizando as dificuldades dos alunos, como estratégia de reelaboração da segmentação não-convencional hipo e hipersegmentação
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