O controle da hiperfosfatemia é a peça chave do tratamento do distúrbio mineral e ósseo em pacientes com doença renal crônica. O seu manejo é multifatorial e inclui a restrição dietética de fósforo (P), o uso apropriado de quelantes de P e a dose correta de terapia renal substitutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de uma tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer nos níveis séricos de fósforo de pacientes em hemodiálise. Foram recrutados 56 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em grupo intervenção A (n=18) e B (n=19) e grupo controle C (n=19). O grupo controle (GC) teve seus dados dietéticos, estado nutricional, carga de comprimidos e percentual de adesão ao cloridrato de sevelamer, além de parâmetros laboratoriais, como o P, o cálcio (Ca), o produto cálcio-fósforo (CaxP) e o hormônio da paratireoide (PTH), observados por 4 meses (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Os grupos A (GA) e B (GB) tiveram os mesmos parâmetros investigados pelo GC, entretanto os 2 primeiros meses foram apenas de observação. Após essa fase, esses dois grupos foram orientados a controlar sua alimentação por meio da tabela de contagem de fósforo que consiste em uma ferramenta que auxilia no controle da ingestão alimentar de P por meio de lista de alimentos divididos em grupos alimentares com pontuações delimitadas e proporcionais aos teores de P, pelo período de 2 meses. Nesse período, o GA foi orientado a utilizar o cloridrato de sevelamer com dose fixa de 2 comprimidos (800mg) ao dia. Já o GB, utilizou o cloridrato de sevelamer por meio do autoajuste da sua dose com o auxílio de uma tabela que determina sua dose conforme o número de porções alimentares consumidas. Ao final do estudo, observou-se níveis de P de 4,92±1,42mg/dL; 5,44±1,21mg/dL e 5,07±1,24mg/dL, para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente, não sendo encontrada diferenças estatísticas ao longo do trabalho. O CaxP manteve-se entre o início e final do estudo em ambos os grupos, apresentando-se <55mg2/dL2. No GA, os níveis de Ca reduziram de 9,52±1,01mg/dL para 9,17±0,77mg/dL entre T0 e T4; já no GB, esse parâmetro reduziu de 9,46±1,07mg/dL em T1 para 9,04±0,86mg/dL em T4; no GC, T4 (8,6±0,58mg/dL) apresentou-se com níveis menores de Ca ao ser comparado com T1, T2 e T3. O PTH manteve-se ao longo do estudo em ambos os grupos com níveis >300pg/mL. Em relação ao consumo do quelante, houve redução significativa da carga de comprimidos ao comparar, nos grupos A e B, os tempos T1 (GA: 122,22±90,1 e GB: 170,58±109,12) e T2 (GA: 103,67±63,53 e GB: 162±71,47) com T3 (GA: 49,89±15,23 e GB: 127,11±66,65) e T4 (GA: 45,94±14,96 e GB: 109,89±58,42). Apenas no GA foi observado melhora do percentual de adesão ao quelante quando comparado T1 com 66,21% de adesão com T3 que obteve 88,96% (p=0,014), e T2 que apresentou 64,92% de adesão contra 88,96% em T3 (p=0,009). Os dados dietéticos apontaram redução do consumo de P, após intervenção, apenas no GB ao comparar T0 (1039,43±66,78mg) com T4 (857,83±65,6mg). Não foram identificados prejuízos no estado nutricional após o término do trabalho. O estudo demonstrou que a aplicação da tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer auxilia no controle dos níveis séricos de P tanto por meio da dose mínima do quelante como pelo autoajuste da sua dose. / Control of hyperphosphatemia is the key factor of treatment of mineral and bone disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease. Its management is multifactorial and includes dietary restriction of phosphorus (P), appropriate use of phosphate binders and the correct dose of renal replacement therapy. This study aimed to evaluate an intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride on serum phosphorus in patients on hemodialysis. Fifty-six patients were recruited and divided into intervention group A (n = 18) and B (n = 19) and control group C (n=19). Control group (CG) had dietary data, nutritional status, dose and percentage of adherence to sevelamer hydrochloride and laboratory parameters, such as P, calcium (Ca), calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), observed for four months (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Groups A (AG) and B (BG) had the same parameters evaluated for CG. However, the first two months were only observation. After this period, the two groups were conducted to control their diet with a phosphorus counting table help, which it\'s a tool that assists the control of dietary P intake through a food list divided into food groups with defined and proportional scores in relation to P content, for 2 months. In this period, AG was instructed to use sevelamer hydrochloride with a fixed dose of two tablets (800mg) daily. BG used the sevelamer hydrochloride through self-adjustment of its dose with a chart helps that establish its dose according to the number of consumed servings. At the end of the study, serum levels of P were 4.92±1.42mg/dL; 5.44±1.21mg/dL and 5.07±1.24mg/dL, for groups A, B, and C, respectively, with no statistical differences throughout the study. CaxP remained stable before and after intervention in both groups, showing <55mg2/dL2. In AG, serum Ca reduced from 9.52±1.01mg/dL to 9.17±0.77mg/dL between T0 and T4; Already BG, this parameter reduced from 9.46±1.07mg/dL at T1 to 9.04±0.86mg/dL at T4; in CG, T4 (8.6±0.58mg/dL) showed reduced levels of Ca when compared to T1, T2, and T3. PTH maintained throughout the study in both groups with levels >300pg/mL. About phosphate binder, there was a significant reduction in its dose when comparing, in AG and BG, at T1 (AG: 122.22±90.1 and BG: 170.58±109.12) and T2 (AG: 103.67±63.53 and BG: 162±71.47) with T3 (AG: 49.89±15.23 and BG: 127.11±66.65) and T4 (AG: 45.94±14.96 and BG: 109.89±58.42). Only in the AG, the percentage of adherence to treatment with phosphate binder was improved when compared T1 with 66.21% of adhesion with T3 that obtained 88.96% (p = 0.014), and T2 that presented 64.92% of adhesion against 88.96% in T3 (p = 0.009). Dietary data indicated a reduction of P consumption after an intervention, only in BG when compared T0 (1039.43±66.78mg) with T4 (857.83±65.6mg). No damage to nutritional status was observed at the end of the study. Intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride assists in the control of serum P levels both through the minimum dose of the phosphate binder and self-adjustment of its dose.

O controle da hiperfosfatemia é a peça chave do tratamento do distúrbio mineral e ósseo em pacientes com doença renal crônica. O seu manejo é multifatorial e inclui a restrição dietética de fósforo (P), o uso apropriado de quelantes de P e a dose correta de terapia renal substitutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de uma tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer nos níveis séricos de fósforo de pacientes em hemodiálise. Foram recrutados 56 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em grupo intervenção A (n=18) e B (n=19) e grupo controle C (n=19). O grupo controle (GC) teve seus dados dietéticos, estado nutricional, carga de comprimidos e percentual de adesão ao cloridrato de sevelamer, além de parâmetros laboratoriais, como o P, o cálcio (Ca), o produto cálcio-fósforo (CaxP) e o hormônio da paratireoide (PTH), observados por 4 meses (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Os grupos A (GA) e B (GB) tiveram os mesmos parâmetros investigados pelo GC, entretanto os 2 primeiros meses foram apenas de observação. Após essa fase, esses dois grupos foram orientados a controlar sua alimentação por meio da tabela de contagem de fósforo que consiste em uma ferramenta que auxilia no controle da ingestão alimentar de P por meio de lista de alimentos divididos em grupos alimentares com pontuações delimitadas e proporcionais aos teores de P, pelo período de 2 meses. Nesse período, o GA foi orientado a utilizar o cloridrato de sevelamer com dose fixa de 2 comprimidos (800mg) ao dia. Já o GB, utilizou o cloridrato de sevelamer por meio do autoajuste da sua dose com o auxílio de uma tabela que determina sua dose conforme o número de porções alimentares consumidas. Ao final do estudo, observou-se níveis de P de 4,92±1,42mg/dL; 5,44±1,21mg/dL e 5,07±1,24mg/dL, para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente, não sendo encontrada diferenças estatísticas ao longo do trabalho. O CaxP manteve-se entre o início e final do estudo em ambos os grupos, apresentando-se <55mg2/dL2. No GA, os níveis de Ca reduziram de 9,52±1,01mg/dL para 9,17±0,77mg/dL entre T0 e T4; já no GB, esse parâmetro reduziu de 9,46±1,07mg/dL em T1 para 9,04±0,86mg/dL em T4; no GC, T4 (8,6±0,58mg/dL) apresentou-se com níveis menores de Ca ao ser comparado com T1, T2 e T3. O PTH manteve-se ao longo do estudo em ambos os grupos com níveis >300pg/mL. Em relação ao consumo do quelante, houve redução significativa da carga de comprimidos ao comparar, nos grupos A e B, os tempos T1 (GA: 122,22±90,1 e GB: 170,58±109,12) e T2 (GA: 103,67±63,53 e GB: 162±71,47) com T3 (GA: 49,89±15,23 e GB: 127,11±66,65) e T4 (GA: 45,94±14,96 e GB: 109,89±58,42). Apenas no GA foi observado melhora do percentual de adesão ao quelante quando comparado T1 com 66,21% de adesão com T3 que obteve 88,96% (p=0,014), e T2 que apresentou 64,92% de adesão contra 88,96% em T3 (p=0,009). Os dados dietéticos apontaram redução do consumo de P, após intervenção, apenas no GB ao comparar T0 (1039,43±66,78mg) com T4 (857,83±65,6mg). Não foram identificados prejuízos no estado nutricional após o término do trabalho. O estudo demonstrou que a aplicação da tabela de contagem de fósforo com cloridrato de sevelamer auxilia no controle dos níveis séricos de P tanto por meio da dose mínima do quelante como pelo autoajuste da sua dose. / Control of hyperphosphatemia is the key factor of treatment of mineral and bone disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease. Its management is multifactorial and includes dietary restriction of phosphorus (P), appropriate use of phosphate binders and the correct dose of renal replacement therapy. This study aimed to evaluate an intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride on serum phosphorus in patients on hemodialysis. Fifty-six patients were recruited and divided into intervention group A (n = 18) and B (n = 19) and control group C (n=19). Control group (CG) had dietary data, nutritional status, dose and percentage of adherence to sevelamer hydrochloride and laboratory parameters, such as P, calcium (Ca), calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), observed for four months (T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Groups A (AG) and B (BG) had the same parameters evaluated for CG. However, the first two months were only observation. After this period, the two groups were conducted to control their diet with a phosphorus counting table help, which it\'s a tool that assists the control of dietary P intake through a food list divided into food groups with defined and proportional scores in relation to P content, for 2 months. In this period, AG was instructed to use sevelamer hydrochloride with a fixed dose of two tablets (800mg) daily. BG used the sevelamer hydrochloride through self-adjustment of its dose with a chart helps that establish its dose according to the number of consumed servings. At the end of the study, serum levels of P were 4.92±1.42mg/dL; 5.44±1.21mg/dL and 5.07±1.24mg/dL, for groups A, B, and C, respectively, with no statistical differences throughout the study. CaxP remained stable before and after intervention in both groups, showing <55mg2/dL2. In AG, serum Ca reduced from 9.52±1.01mg/dL to 9.17±0.77mg/dL between T0 and T4; Already BG, this parameter reduced from 9.46±1.07mg/dL at T1 to 9.04±0.86mg/dL at T4; in CG, T4 (8.6±0.58mg/dL) showed reduced levels of Ca when compared to T1, T2, and T3. PTH maintained throughout the study in both groups with levels >300pg/mL. About phosphate binder, there was a significant reduction in its dose when comparing, in AG and BG, at T1 (AG: 122.22±90.1 and BG: 170.58±109.12) and T2 (AG: 103.67±63.53 and BG: 162±71.47) with T3 (AG: 49.89±15.23 and BG: 127.11±66.65) and T4 (AG: 45.94±14.96 and BG: 109.89±58.42). Only in the AG, the percentage of adherence to treatment with phosphate binder was improved when compared T1 with 66.21% of adhesion with T3 that obtained 88.96% (p = 0.014), and T2 that presented 64.92% of adhesion against 88.96% in T3 (p = 0.009). Dietary data indicated a reduction of P consumption after an intervention, only in BG when compared T0 (1039.43±66.78mg) with T4 (857.83±65.6mg). No damage to nutritional status was observed at the end of the study. Intervention with a phosphorus counting table with sevelamer hydrochloride assists in the control of serum P levels both through the minimum dose of the phosphate binder and self-adjustment of its dose.

The doctoral thesis is focused on the study, research and development of refractories with phosphate bonding. Primary motivation is preparation of phosphate-based binders that can be applied for non-shaped insulating material fabricated by “in situ” foaming. The phosphate binders based on Al2O3-H3PO4 system are one of the most common in refractory technology. The amphoteric nature of the aluminium and its oxides require the setting of Al2O3-H3PO4 binders under the higher temperatures. Application of higher temperatures is necessary to obtain the minimal manipulation strength of as-prepared green bodies. The main goal of the work is preparation of ytrium phosphate-based binders via different preparation techniques. Yttrium based binders would allow phosphate refractory preparation by standard way, i.e via reaction between binder and reactive aggregate, without structural disintegration of foamed material even before getting manipulation strength or the final firing procedure. Yttrium is more basic than aluminium and therefore more reactive in Y2O3-H3PO4 system.. Yttrium oxide is highly refractory material and sintered yttrium monophosphate has excellent properties from the thermal and corrosive stability point of view. This fact should compensate higher price of this material. Experimental part of this work studies the possibilities of binders preparation in Y2O3-H3PO4 system. The mixtures were designed to prepare binding phase Y(H2PO4)3. Products of these reactions were characterized in phase and chemical point of view. In order to study and describe setting and hardening processes of phosphate binders, the products were “in situ” analyzed by the thermal analyses and high-temperature diffraction analysis up to the 1300 °C. High temperature products were then characterized by means of phase and chemical composition and morphology.