All carbohydrates metabolized in the body must first be phosphorylated, As a result of Lundgaard's (1930 ) and Lohmann's (1934) discoveries, the focal interest of muscle biochemlstry has passed from the carbohydrate molecules to the phosphorus compounds, For glucose, the first reaction is the formation of a phosphate ester, glucose-6- phosphate, D. M. Neeedham (1938) found that ATP acts as a phosphorus donor, Glucose-6-phosphate may be transformed into glucose-1-phosphate or into fructose-6-phosphate. In liver, it may be hydrolized back to free glucose and inorganic phosphorus, Bate-Smith (1948) indicated that the free phosphate must be present before any breakdown of glycogen occurs and that the breakdown of glycogen will occur to the extent that free phosphate becomes available. Analysis of total and inorganic phosphorus in the liver is a measure of how much sugar is phosphorylated, This is related to the utilization of sugar, As the liver is an organ vitally concerned with the mechanism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, it stores , transforms, and regulates food materials, T. B, Osborne , et al. (1919) suggested that economy in nutrition during growth depends upon the correct adjustment between the proportions of protein and total energy supplied. Quo (19 55) found that total carbohydrate content of turkey livers increased slightly with the addition of sucrose to the ration, The effect of sucrose in the ration on the protein content of turkey livers has not been investigated, The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of short pre-slaughter feeding of various levels of sucrose to turkeys on total and inorganic phosphorus and protein content of turkey liver and muscle. This thesis is part of a larger project which includes the feeding of sucrose to various farm animals and poultry. This work has been 2 under investigation at Utah Agricultural Experiment Station since 1950. Weight gains, dressing percentages, liver weights, and total carbohydrate content, pH, total solids, ether extract and color of liver and muscle of the sucrose-fed-animal or bird has been determined, This thesis includes the total, inorganic, and organic phosphorus and protein values on both liver and muscle and measurement of color of liver of the sucrose-fed turkeys.

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In general, the yields of alfalfa were increased by varying amounts of various fertility elements on the Norfolk sandy loam soil type at Williamsburg, Virginia. The yields of corn grown on the Hagerstown silt loam soil type at Blacksburg, Virginia, correspond closely to the fertilizer treatments and their availability. The milligrams of phosphorus absorbed by rye seedlings show no relation to the amounts of phosphorus added to the soil in fertilizers. In fact, in most trials the amount absorbed from treated plats was less than the amount produced from sand checks. It seems that all the phosphorus obtained came from the seed and not from the soil. From the studies reported herein, therefore, it must be concluded that the Neubauer seedling method is not applicable for determining the phosphorus requirements of the soil types used in this investigation. / M.S.

Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient of primary productivity in southern Appalachian reservoirs, but its impact on higher trophic levels has not been assessed. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between total phosphorus concentrations and estimates of fish standing stock in Smith Mountain Lake (SML) over time and for 22 southern Appalachian reservoirs (SAR) at the same time. ln SML, which had responded to a nutrient reduction program, total phosphorus concentration and fish biomass concurrently declined over an 12-year period; phosphorus concentration accounted for one-third (cove-specific) and two-thirds (whole-Iake) of the annual variation in fish standing stock. Total phosphorus concentration was also the best predictor of fish abundance in SARs, accounting for 84% of the variation in standing stock despite great diversity in reservoir physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Predictive power was generally higher at lower levels of the food chain (i.e. planktivores, younger fish) than for piscivores. Planktivore response to phosphorus was found to be immediate. Piscivore biomass did not vary significantly with phosphorus, owing in part to poor energy transfer up the food chain and variable management practices. Phosphorus concentration and total fish standing stock appear to have stabilized in SML since 1980. Losses in fish standing stock due to deceased fertility in SML have been partly offset by an increase in coolwater habitat. Aesthetic versus fishery benefits and the complexity of dealing with a longitudinal trophic gradient need to be considered for future management of SML. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

Previous research has shown that crop land application of alum sludge can be a valuable method of residuals disposal and has been demonstrated to cause no adverse effects on soil properties and crop yields. Studies have shown that with good soil management practices essential plant macronutrient levels can be maintained to support good crop growth. This study investigated the application of water treatment residuals in both field studies and greenhouse pot studies in order to determine the effects on soils properties and crop yields. Alum sludge collected from the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-VPI Water Authority and Radford Water Treatment Plant was land applied in the Spring of 1992. Two separate crop rotations, corn followed by wheat, were grown and harvested during the two-year field study. A greenhouse pot study using lettuce and radish plants was initiated in the Spring of 1993. Soil and plant tissue samples were collected and analyzed for the field and greenhouse studies. Harvest yields were also carefully monitored and recorded. The results of the laboratory analysis provided information on nutrient concentrations in soil and uptake by plants, and also soil and plant tissue elemental accumulations. Alum and PACI sludge at loading rates of up to 2.5% had no negative impacts on wheat yield. The growth study using lettuce and radish plants concluded that residual additions at low levels improved crop yield and that residual aging prior to land application was essential for good yield. / Master of Science

M.S.