Organic photovoltaics have shown much promise as an alternative photovoltaic technology for application in low-cost, large-scale and flexible solar cells. The application of metal oxides in organic solar cells (OSCs) and the impact of the properties of metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces on cell performance have attracted a lot of attention. The metal oxide/organic interfaces have a crucial impact on interfacial charge transfer, charge collection and the overall device performance. This thesis is aimed at clarifying the principal interfacial phenomena occurring at the metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces as well as effective engineering of those interfacial properties in OSCs. Photo-generated electrons and holes undergo different recombination processes, e.g., bimolecular recombination and trap-assisted recombination, before being collected by the electrodes in OSCs. Light intensity-dependent current densityvoltage (JV) characteristics of OSCs were analyzed to study the effect of recombination on charge collection efficiency. Effect of metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces on charge transfers at organic/electrode interface was analyzed using transient photocurrent (TPC) measurements. Light intensity-dependent JV characteristics and TPC characteristics were applied to explore the charge recombination dynamics in OSCs with a metal oxide interlayer. This project concentrated on an in-depth investigation of the physics and the interface phenomena such as interfacial exciton dissociation, charge recombination processes, charge collection and interface engineering for high performing OSCs. The fundamentals about light intensity-dependent J-V characteristics for OSCs were summarized. The relationship between the charge recombination dynamics and light intensity-dependent J-V characteristics in OSCs were developed. Light intensity-dependent JSC, VOC and FF in OSCs made with different bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) systems of PTB7:PC70BM, PTB7-Th:PC70BM and PNB4:PC70BM were investigated. It is found that bimolecular recombination is the most prominent factor limiting the performance of OSCs. For freshly made OSCs fabricated based on the commercial polymers, e.g. PTB7 & PTB7-Th, and the new polymer PNB4 synthesized in-house, the trap-assisted charge recombination process in the BHJ active layer plays a relatively small role. This suggests that reducing the bimolecular recombination in OSCs through selecting proper materials and device structures is crucial for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OCSs. In this work, device structures which enable reducing bimolecular recombination in OSCs were investigated. The effect of ZnO interlayer at the interface between BHJ and Al cathode on the performance of PTB7:PC71BM based OSCs was studied by a combination of theoretical simulation and experimental characterization techniques, e.g., using light intensity-dependent JV characteristic and TPC measurements etc. It shows that ZnO interlayer has a profound effect on the performance of the PTB7:PC70BM-based OSCs, although it does not have a significant influence on the maximum absorptance in the active layer. The origin of the improvement in the cell performance is associated with the efficient charge collection due to the favorable exciton dissociation at the electrode/active layer interface. It is shown that the presence of the ZnO interlayer allows using a thinner active layer without moderating the absorption in the optically optimized control OSCs without the ZnO interlayer. OSCs with a ~10 nm thick ZnO interlayer are found to be favorable for the efficient charge collection, and thereby improving the cell performance. The TPC measurements also reveal that the dissociation of excitons at the metal/organic interface of regular OSCs hinders the electron collection. The unfavorable interfacial exciton dissociation can be removed by interposing a ZnO interlayer at the Al/organic interface, thus bimolecular recombination at the electrode/active layer interface can be reduced for improving the charge collection efficiency. PCE of the OSCs using ZnO interlayer was 6.5%, which is about 20% higher than a control cell (5.4%), having an identical device configuration without a ZnO interlayer. Solution-processed anode interlayer, a mixture of solution-processed MoOX and PEDOT:PSS, was adopted for application in inverted PTB7:PC71BM-based OSCs. The ratio of MoOX to PEDOT:PSS in the mixed solution was optimized for achieving the best cell performance. A PCE of 7.4% was obtained for OSCs with an optimal MoOX-PEDOT:PSS based interlayer, interposed between the BHJ active layer and Ag anode, which means 10% enhancement over the PCE of control cell made with an evaporated MoOX interlayer. Light intensity-dependent JV characteristics implied that the bimolecular recombination in OSCs with a MoOX-PEDOT:PSS interlayer was reduced. TPC measurements showed that the favorable exciton dissociation occurs at the organic/MoOX interface for the inverted OSCs. The favorable interfacial exciton dissociation generates an electrical field within a very small space near the interface, contributing significant additional photocurrent when the effective bias across the active layer in the OSCs is low, and thereby assisting in an efficient charge collection at the organic/electrode interface. In addition to the improvement in the cell performance, the solution-processed MoOX-PEDOT:PSS interlayer does not require a post-annealing treatment, which is beneficial for application in solution-processed tandem and flexible OSCs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_me_ilha.pdf: 12762635 bytes, checksum: b76892388566205b119c3e34cf5587f8 (MD5) / Considerando-se as políticas mundiais e nacionais com relação às mudanças climáticas decorrentes da ação humana, no contexto da produção e consumo de energia elétrica, novas fontes renováveis e alternativas para a produção de energia elétrica, com menores impactos ambientais e elevadas eficiências têm sido exploradas na literatura científica. Dentro deste contexto é desenvolvido neste trabalho um sistema de geração de energia elétrica de pequeno porte baseado na associação em série de poucos painéis solares fotovoltaicos. São apresentadas análises e simulações de diversas estruturas monofásicas não isoladas que contemplam o estado da arte e integram parte das estruturas mais utilizadas pela indústria. O sistema proposto para operar como Geração Distribuída (GD) é um sistema a duplo estágio, composto pelo conversor elevador Boost entrelaçado e em cascata com o inversor monofásico em ponte completa. O sistema de GD proposto possui um algoritmo tipo P&O (Perturband Observe) para a extração da máxima potência (MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking), mesclando o algoritmo P&O para o rastreamento do MPP, com o potencial do algoritmo Vcte (Tensão constante) para o processo de inicialização do sistema, melhorando o aproveitamento da energia advinda dos painéis fotovoltaicos. Além disso, em virtude da necessidade de conexão segura deste sistema à rede pública de distribuição de energia elétrica em corrente alternada, é implementado um método de sincronismo com a rede CA em baixa tensão; além da análise e síntese de um algoritmo híbrido para detecção e proteção de ilhamento, a fim de garantir a segurança do sistema e dos usuários. O controle do conversor, a técnica de MPPT, a detecção e proteção de ilhamento, bem como o sincronismo com a rede em CA, são implementadas... / Considering the global and national policies related to climate change due to human action, in the context of production and consumption of electricity, new renewable and alternative sources for electricity production with less environmental impacts and high efficiencies have been proposed and analyzed in the scientific literature. In this context, this work it is developed a photovoltaic small electrical generation system in order to operate with a few series connected photovoltaic panels. Moreover, it is presented analyses and simulations of several structures that include the state of the art single-phase non-isolated inverters, where the most of them are commonly used by industry. The proposed structure developed to operate as a distributed generation system is a dual-stage converter, composed by an Interleaved Boost Converter cascaded with a single-phase Full-Bridge Inverter. A maximum power point tracking technique is implemented and tested in order to increase energy utilization, mixing the potential of P&O algorithm together with Vcte algorithm. Furthermore, because of safe-operation grid connection necessities this work presents analysis and implementation of a hybrid anti-island detection technique with a synchronization method with the AC public low voltage grid. The converter control system and MPPT techniques, anti-island detection and management system together with the synchronization are implemented digitally... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Banca: Jair de Jesus Florentino / Banca:José Fernando Presenço / Resumo: Para avaliar o desempenho de motobombas alimentadas por uma central de microgeração fotovoltaica (MGD-FV), foi necessária a montagem de um sistema de monitoramento e coletas de dados da produção e consumo de energia, dados estes, necessários para que se determinassem índices específicos da capacidade de bombeamento de duas bombas hidráulicas distintas, instaladas no Sítio Modelo da Fazenda Lageado, elevando água de uma cisterna para um reservatório. O desempenho de cada bomba foi avaliado em função de suas características elétricas e hidráulicas e sua interação com a irradiância solar disponível para seu acionamento. Cada sistema trabalhou em três pressões manométricas de recalque durante o período de 5 dias. O volume de água bombeado pelos dois sistemas propostos variou entre 5244 a 9398 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF2 e de 6249 a 7792 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF1, sendo que ambos bombearam água suficiente para atender as necessidades básicas de uma pequena propriedade rural. O desempenho prático de cada sistema foi verificado em função do (IB) índice de bombeamento, em l/kWh e do (IC) índice de consumo, em kWh/l, baseado nesses índices pode-se notar que nas condições desse experimento a bomba do SBF2 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 2,5 e 7,5 mca em regiões com baixo índice de irradiação ou estações ano que apresentam energia disponível reduzida no período, pois tem maior volume bombeado quando submetida a essas condições de trabalho. A bomba SBF1 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 7,5 e 13,5 mca em regiões com alto índice de irradiação / Abstract: To evaluate the performance of pumps powered by a photovoltaic microgeneration (MGD-FV), it was necessary to mount a system of monitoring and data collection of production and consumption of energy, these data needed for specific indices that would determine the pumping capacity of two separate hydraulic pumps, installed in the Site Model Farm Lageado, bringing water from a tanker to a storage tank. The performance of each pump was assessed in terms of their electrical and hydraulic characteristics and their interaction with the solar irradiance available for your drive. Each system worked into three booster gauge pressures during 5 days. The volume of water pumped by the two proposed systems ranged between 5244-9398 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF2 and 6249-7792 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF1, both of which have pumped enough water to meet the basic needs of a small farm. The practical performance of each system was checked as a function of (IB) pumping rate in l / kWh and (IC) rate of consumption in kWh / l, based on these indices may be noted that under the conditions of this experiment the pump SBF2 is the most suitable for gauge height values between 2.5 and 7.5 mca in regions with low levels of irradiation or the seasons which have reduced energy available in the period, it has greater volume pumped when subjected to these working conditions. The SBF1 pump is most suitable for gauge height values between 7.5 and 13.5 mca in regions with high irradiation / Mestre

Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo comparativo de inversores monofásicos conectados à rede (sem transformador de acoplamento), empregando geradores fotovoltaicos. Inicialmente é destacada a crescente demanda mundial por energia elétrica e o crescimento da utilização de geração através de fontes renováveis, impulsionando o desenvolvimento dessas tecnologias. Também é apresentado um resumo sobre a geração de energia elétrica fotovoltaica descentralizada, incluindo os principais tipos de sistemas e a sua conexão à rede de distribuição da concessionária. Em busca da redução do custo da energia elétrica produzida com geradores fotovoltaicos, a eliminação do transformador de baixa frequência que conecta o inversor à rede, foi apresentada como uma alternativa interessante. Porém associada à conexão direta do inversor podem surgir correntes de fuga devido à existência de capacitâncias parasitas entre as células fotovoltaicas do painel e o potencial de terra do sistema gerador-rede. Para evitar esses problemas várias modificações no circuito eletrônico dos inversores têm sido propostas visando eliminar variações na tensão de modo comum destes. Esse trabalho busca avaliar algumas destas topologias visando definir parâmetros de desempenho que possam servir como base para a escolha de uma topologia em detrimento as demais para um conjunto de especificações tais como a potência instalada do gerador ou a amplitude da tensão da rede, dentre outros. / This research presents a comparative study of single-phase transformerless grid connected inverters, employing photovoltaic generators. Initially is highlighted the increasing worldwide demand for electricity and the growth of the use of renewable sources, driving the development of these technologies. It is also presented an overview of the photovoltaic decentralized power generation, including the major types of systems and their connection to the utility grid. In order to reduce the electricity cost of photovoltaic generation, the elimination of low frequency transformer that connects the inverter to the grid, was presented as an interesting alternative. But associated with the direct inverter connection, leakage currents may arise due to the existence of parasitic capacitances between the panel photovoltaic cell and the system ground. To avoid these problems, several modifications in the electronic circuit of the inverter have been proposed to eliminate variations in the inverter common mode voltage. This research evaluates some of these topologies in order to define performance parameters that can serve as the basis for choosing a topology over the other for a set of specifications such as the installed power or the amplitude of grid voltage, among others.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / From the electric power generation perspective, the last three decades have been characterized by sustained growth in the amount of Distributed Power Generation (DPG) systems integrated into the electric grid. This trend is anticipated to continue, especially in light of the widespread acceptance of the many benefits envisaged in the increase of renewable-based power generation. The potential for grid-integrated DPG systems to significantly contribute to electric power supply reliability has consistently attracted extensive research in recent times, although concerns continue to be raised over their adverse impact on the normal grid operation at high penetration levels. These concerns largely stem from the limited controllability of most DPG systems, which tend to exhibit large output impedance variation, and non-deterministic power output characteristics. There has therefore also been a growing need to develop effective control strategies that can enhance the overall impact of the DPG systems on the grid operation, thus improving their synergistic properties, and probably also enabling an even higher penetration level into the utility grid. In line with this identified need, this thesis discusses the modeling and controller design for an inverter-based DPG system with the capability to effectively operate both in grid-connected and autonomous (i.e. independent of the utility grid) operational modes. The dual-mode operation of the DPG is made possible by incorporating into the inverter interface control scheme the means to ensure seamless transition of the DPG between the grid-connected and autonomous modes of operation. The intention is to have a grid-integrated inverter-based DPG system whose operation approximates that of an online Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system, in that it is able to sustain power supply to the local load in the absence of the grid supply, which would be desirable for critical loads, for which the level of power supply reliability guaranteed by the grid often falls short of the requirements. The work developed in this thesis considers three of the aspects associated with grid-integrated DPG systems that are equipped with autonomous-mode operation capability.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / South Africa has raised concerns regarding the development of renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro and solar energy. Integration of a combined photovoltaic and thermal system was considered to transform simultaneous energy into electricity and heat. This was done to challenge the low energy efficiency observed when the two solar energy conversion technologies are employed separately, in order to gain higher overall energy efficiency and ensure better utilization of the solar energy. Therefore, the notion of using a combined photovoltaic and thermal system was to optimize and to improve the overall PV panel efficiency by adding conversion to thermal energy for residential and commercial needs of hot water or space heating or space cooling using appropriate technology. The PV/T model constructed using water as fluid like the one used for the experimental work, presented a marginal increase in electrical efficiency but a considerable yield on the overall PV/T efficiency, because of the simultaneous operation by coupling a PV module with a thermal collectors.

Thesis (DTech (Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The world has been experiencing energy-related problems following pressuring energy demands which go along with the global economy growth. These problems can be phrased in three paradoxical statements: Firstly, in spite of a massive and costless solar energy, global unprecedented energy crisis has prevailed, resulting in skyrocketing costs. Secondly, though the sun releases a clean energy, yet conventional plants are mainly being run on unclean energy sources despite their part in the climate changes and global warming. Thirdly, while a negligible percentage of the solar energy is used for power generation purposes, it is not optimally exploited since more than its half is wasted in the form of heat which contributes to lowering efficiency of solar cells and causes their premature degradation and anticipated ageing. The research is geared at addressing the issue related to unsatisfactory efficiencies and anticipated ageing of solar modules. The methodology adopted to achieve the research aim consisted of a literature survey which in turn inspired the devising of a high-efficiency novel thermal electric solar power panel. Through an in-depth overview, the literature survey outlined the rationale of the research interest, factors affecting the performance of PVs as well as existing strategies towards addressing spotted shortcomings. While photovoltaic (PV) panels could be identified as the most reliable platform for sunlight-to-electricity conversion, they exhibit a shortcoming in terms of following the sun so as to maximize exposure to sunlight which negatively affects PVs’ efficiencies in one hand. On the other hand, the inability of solar cells to reflect the unusable heat energy present in the sunlight poses as a lifespan threat. Strategies and techniques in place to track the sun and keep PVs in nominal operational temperatures were therefore reviewed.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Guilherme de Azevedo e Melo / Banca: Sérgio Augusto Oliveira da Silva / Resumo: Considerando-se as políticas mundiais e nacionais com relação às mudanças climáticas decorrentes da ação humana, no contexto da produção e consumo de energia elétrica, novas fontes renováveis e alternativas para a produção de energia elétrica, com menores impactos ambientais e elevadas eficiências têm sido exploradas na literatura científica. Dentro deste contexto é desenvolvido neste trabalho um sistema de geração de energia elétrica de pequeno porte baseado na associação em série de poucos painéis solares fotovoltaicos. São apresentadas análises e simulações de diversas estruturas monofásicas não isoladas que contemplam o estado da arte e integram parte das estruturas mais utilizadas pela indústria. O sistema proposto para operar como Geração Distribuída (GD) é um sistema a duplo estágio, composto pelo conversor elevador Boost entrelaçado e em cascata com o inversor monofásico em ponte completa. O sistema de GD proposto possui um algoritmo tipo P&O (Perturband Observe) para a extração da máxima potência (MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking), mesclando o algoritmo P&O para o rastreamento do MPP, com o potencial do algoritmo Vcte (Tensão constante) para o processo de inicialização do sistema, melhorando o aproveitamento da energia advinda dos painéis fotovoltaicos. Além disso, em virtude da necessidade de conexão segura deste sistema à rede pública de distribuição de energia elétrica em corrente alternada, é implementado um método de sincronismo com a rede CA em baixa tensão; além da análise e síntese de um algoritmo híbrido para detecção e proteção de ilhamento, a fim de garantir a segurança do sistema e dos usuários. O controle do conversor, a técnica de MPPT, a detecção e proteção de ilhamento, bem como o sincronismo com a rede em CA, são implementadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the global and national policies related to climate change due to human action, in the context of production and consumption of electricity, new renewable and alternative sources for electricity production with less environmental impacts and high efficiencies have been proposed and analyzed in the scientific literature. In this context, this work it is developed a photovoltaic small electrical generation system in order to operate with a few series connected photovoltaic panels. Moreover, it is presented analyses and simulations of several structures that include the state of the art single-phase non-isolated inverters, where the most of them are commonly used by industry. The proposed structure developed to operate as a distributed generation system is a dual-stage converter, composed by an Interleaved Boost Converter cascaded with a single-phase Full-Bridge Inverter. A maximum power point tracking technique is implemented and tested in order to increase energy utilization, mixing the potential of P&O algorithm together with Vcte algorithm. Furthermore, because of safe-operation grid connection necessities this work presents analysis and implementation of a hybrid anti-island detection technique with a synchronization method with the AC public low voltage grid. The converter control system and MPPT techniques, anti-island detection and management system together with the synchronization are implemented digitally... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A presente dissertação descreve o experimento desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por dois painéis fotovoltaicos instalado nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Câmpus Medianeira, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense com 25º17’43” Latitude sul, 54º03’38” Longitude oeste e com altitude de 500,7 metros. O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água a uma altura de 20 metros. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro de 2005 a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se um coletor de dados computadorizado da marca Campbell Scientific INC., o que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os valores de irradiância no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel, pressão e vazão. A leitura dos dados foi realizada com freqüência de 1 hertz e armazenada a cada 1 minuto. Através de cálculos obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema e a potência hidráulica. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056,44 litros, enquanto que o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377,21 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está atrelada às menores temperaturas nestes dias se comparado aos dias de verão e o fator que provocou uma maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está ligado ao tempo de insolação solar que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. O total de água bombeada durante o período do experimento foi de 435.042,20 litros. / The current dissertation describes an experiment to evaluate a water pumping system activated by two photovoltaic panels installed at The Federal Technological University of Paraná – UTFPR, Medianeira Campus, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The city of Medianeira’s latitude and longitude are 25º17’43”south and 54º03’38”west respectively, with an altitude of 500.7 meters (1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to a 20 meters (65.62 feet) elevation. Data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible collecting and applying irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and tension, panel temperature, pressure and consume. Data readings were made at a 1-hertz frequency and stored every minute. Through calculi, the system efficiency and energy values and hydraulic strength were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056.44 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377.21 liters (627.86 gallons). Winter day’s highest efficiency is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that prompted larger pumped water consume, during summer days, was related to solar insulation time that is longer if compared to winter days. Total water pumped during the experiment period was 435,042.20 liters (114,900.99 Gallons)

A presente dissertação descreve o experimento desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por dois painéis fotovoltaicos instalado nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Câmpus Medianeira, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense com 25º17’43” Latitude sul, 54º03’38” Longitude oeste e com altitude de 500,7 metros. O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água a uma altura de 20 metros. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro de 2005 a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se um coletor de dados computadorizado da marca Campbell Scientific INC., o que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os valores de irradiância no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel, pressão e vazão. A leitura dos dados foi realizada com freqüência de 1 hertz e armazenada a cada 1 minuto. Através de cálculos obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema e a potência hidráulica. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056,44 litros, enquanto que o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377,21 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está atrelada às menores temperaturas nestes dias se comparado aos dias de verão e o fator que provocou uma maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está ligado ao tempo de insolação solar que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. O total de água bombeada durante o período do experimento foi de 435.042,20 litros. / The current dissertation describes an experiment to evaluate a water pumping system activated by two photovoltaic panels installed at The Federal Technological University of Paraná – UTFPR, Medianeira Campus, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The city of Medianeira’s latitude and longitude are 25º17’43”south and 54º03’38”west respectively, with an altitude of 500.7 meters (1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to a 20 meters (65.62 feet) elevation. Data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible collecting and applying irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and tension, panel temperature, pressure and consume. Data readings were made at a 1-hertz frequency and stored every minute. Through calculi, the system efficiency and energy values and hydraulic strength were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056.44 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377.21 liters (627.86 gallons). Winter day’s highest efficiency is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that prompted larger pumped water consume, during summer days, was related to solar insulation time that is longer if compared to winter days. Total water pumped during the experiment period was 435,042.20 liters (114,900.99 Gallons)