Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [108]-114).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Rohatgi, Ajeet; Committee Co-Chair: Begovic, Miroslav; Committee Member: Gaylord, Thomas; Committee Member: Harley, Ronald; Committee Member: Jarrett, Christopher; Committee Member: Kippelen, Bernard

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-167). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates methods to extract the maximum amount of electrical energy from a py panel. The thesis is divided into four parts, focussing on different aspects relating to this topic. The first part will investigate the role that py energy is likely to play in South Africa's future energy scenario, by looking at topics like the greenhouse effect and the economics of energy production. Secondly the thesis will look at how to position py panels optimally for maximum energy generation through the year. A software model of a py panel is developed which can calculate available py energy and energy generation costs for a given location, based on parameters like the positioning of the py panel and historic weather data. Thirdly the optimal design of a maximum power point tracker is investigated. The optimal design, based on a k-sweep voltage ratio maximum power point tracking algorithm, is implemented using a DSP controlled boost converter circuit. Finally, the best methods to store energy generated using py panels are explored. Energy storage technologies are compared for rural, off-grid applications in South Africa, and the design and implementation of a pulse-charging lead-acid battery charging strategy is explained. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek maniere waarop die maksimum hoeveelheid elektriese energie vanuit 'n py paneelonttrek kan word. Die tesis word in vier dele verdeel, wat elkeen fokus op 'n ander aspek van die onderwerp. Die eerste kyk na die rol wat PV energie potensieël kan speel in die toekomstige energie produksie binne Suid Afrika, deur te kyk na onderwerpe soos die kweekhuis effek, en die ekonomiese sy van energie produksie. Tweedens kyk die tesis na metodes om 'n py paneeloptimaal te posisioneer vir maksimum energie deur die jaar. 'n Sagteware model van 'n PV paneel word ontwikkel wat die hoeveelheid beskikbare energie, en die kostes daarvan, kan bereken vir 'n spesifieke plek, gebaseer op PV paneel data en vorige jare se atmosferiese data. Derdens word agtergrond oor maksimum drywingspunt volgers gegee, en die ontwerp en bou van 'n k-variërende, spannings verhouding maksimum kragpunt volger verduidelik, geimplimenteer deur van 'n DSP en 'n opkapper baan gebruik te maak. Laastens word die beste maniere om PV energie te stoor, vir landelike toepassings weg vanaf die Eskom netwerk, ondersoek. Alle beskikbare tegnologieë word eers vergelyk met mekaar, waarna die ontwerp en bou van 'n puls-laai loodsuur batterylaaier verduidelik word.

Orientador: Paulo José Amaral Serni / Coorientador: André Luiz Andreoli / Banca: Paulo Sergio da Silva / Banca: Alessandro Goedtel / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta a análise, modelagem e controle vetorial de um sistema de geração eólica tendo um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado como máquina primária e equipado com um conversor back-to-back para gerenciamento da potência entregue ou absorvida da rede elétrica, independentemente do tipo de carga instalada, por meio de compensação de reativos e filtragem ativa das correntes da rede. Para atingir este objetivo, a modelagem do sistema, bem como o projeto dos controladores foram desenvolvidos no ambiente de simulação Matlab®/Simulink®, em que o controle do conversor do lado do rotor realiza a regulação do torque e o controle de potência ativa e reativa, enquanto que o controle do conversor do lado da rede tem a função de manter a tensão do link-CC constante e produzir fator de potência unitário, compensando reativos oriundos do sistema de geração eólica e da carga instalada e atuando como um filtro ativo de potência, melhorando o índice de distorção harmônica da corrente da rede. Além disso, controladores proporcionais-ressonantes foram utilizados a fim de mitigar harmônicos gerados pelo conversor atuando no modo retificador. Também foi realizado o controle do ângulo de passo das pás da turbina, com a finalidade de obter a máxima potência para qualquer velocidade do vento. Os resultados obtidos permitiram avaliar o desempenho dos controladores, de modo que o fator de potência foi mantido unitário para variações abruptas de carga. Tem-se compensação harmônica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation presents the analysis, modeling and vector control of a wind power system with a doubly-fed induction generator as a primary machine and equipped whit a back-to-back converter to manage power delivered to or absorbed from the grid, independently of the installed load type, through reactive compensation and active filtering of grid currents. To achieve this goal, the system modelling and the controller design was developed in the Matlab®/Simulink® software, where the rotor-side converter control regulates torque and control active and reactive power. The grid-side converter control has the function of maintaining the DC link voltage constant and produce unit power factor, compensating reactive power from the wind generation system and the installed load and acting as an active power filter, which improves the total harmonic distortion of the grid current. In addition, proportional-resonant controller was used to mitigate harmonics generated by the converter acting in the rectifier mode. The pitch angle controller also was made in order to obtain the maximum power for any wind speed. The results obtained allowed to evaluate the performance of the controllers, so that the power factor was unit for abrupt loads variation, there was harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads and the maximum power from the wind was extracted and generated. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-05Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806761.pdf: 2848646 bytes, checksum: c8594f39d3a3d94ad2ec82858fd444cd (MD5) / Para avaliar o desempenho de motobombas alimentadas por uma central de microgeração fotovoltaica (MGD-FV), foi necessária a montagem de um sistema de monitoramento e coletas de dados da produção e consumo de energia, dados estes, necessários para que se determinassem índices específicos da capacidade de bombeamento de duas bombas hidráulicas distintas, instaladas no Sítio Modelo da Fazenda Lageado, elevando água de uma cisterna para um reservatório. O desempenho de cada bomba foi avaliado em função de suas características elétricas e hidráulicas e sua interação com a irradiância solar disponível para seu acionamento. Cada sistema trabalhou em três pressões manométricas de recalque durante o período de 5 dias. O volume de água bombeado pelos dois sistemas propostos variou entre 5244 a 9398 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF2 e de 6249 a 7792 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF1, sendo que ambos bombearam água suficiente para atender as necessidades básicas de uma pequena propriedade rural. O desempenho prático de cada sistema foi verificado em função do (IB) índice de bombeamento, em l/kWh e do (IC) índice de consumo, em kWh/l, baseado nesses índices pode-se notar que nas condições desse experimento a bomba do SBF2 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 2,5 e 7,5 mca em regiões com baixo índice de irradiação ou estações ano que apresentam energia disponível reduzida no período, pois tem maior volume bombeado quando submetida a essas condições de trabalho. A bomba SBF1 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 7,5 e 13,5 mca em regiões com alto índice de irradiação / To evaluate the performance of pumps powered by a photovoltaic microgeneration (MGD-FV), it was necessary to mount a system of monitoring and data collection of production and consumption of energy, these data needed for specific indices that would determine the pumping capacity of two separate hydraulic pumps, installed in the Site Model Farm Lageado, bringing water from a tanker to a storage tank. The performance of each pump was assessed in terms of their electrical and hydraulic characteristics and their interaction with the solar irradiance available for your drive. Each system worked into three booster gauge pressures during 5 days. The volume of water pumped by the two proposed systems ranged between 5244-9398 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF2 and 6249-7792 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF1, both of which have pumped enough water to meet the basic needs of a small farm. The practical performance of each system was checked as a function of (IB) pumping rate in l / kWh and (IC) rate of consumption in kWh / l, based on these indices may be noted that under the conditions of this experiment the pump SBF2 is the most suitable for gauge height values between 2.5 and 7.5 mca in regions with low levels of irradiation or the seasons which have reduced energy available in the period, it has greater volume pumped when subjected to these working conditions. The SBF1 pump is most suitable for gauge height values between 7.5 and 13.5 mca in regions with high irradiation

Organic photovoltaics have shown much promise as an alternative photovoltaic technology for application in low-cost, large-scale and flexible solar cells. The application of metal oxides in organic solar cells (OSCs) and the impact of the properties of metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces on cell performance have attracted a lot of attention. The metal oxide/organic interfaces have a crucial impact on interfacial charge transfer, charge collection and the overall device performance. This thesis is aimed at clarifying the principal interfacial phenomena occurring at the metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces as well as effective engineering of those interfacial properties in OSCs. Photo-generated electrons and holes undergo different recombination processes, e.g., bimolecular recombination and trap-assisted recombination, before being collected by the electrodes in OSCs. Light intensity-dependent current densityvoltage (JV) characteristics of OSCs were analyzed to study the effect of recombination on charge collection efficiency. Effect of metal oxide/organic hetero-interfaces on charge transfers at organic/electrode interface was analyzed using transient photocurrent (TPC) measurements. Light intensity-dependent JV characteristics and TPC characteristics were applied to explore the charge recombination dynamics in OSCs with a metal oxide interlayer. This project concentrated on an in-depth investigation of the physics and the interface phenomena such as interfacial exciton dissociation, charge recombination processes, charge collection and interface engineering for high performing OSCs. The fundamentals about light intensity-dependent J-V characteristics for OSCs were summarized. The relationship between the charge recombination dynamics and light intensity-dependent J-V characteristics in OSCs were developed. Light intensity-dependent JSC, VOC and FF in OSCs made with different bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) systems of PTB7:PC70BM, PTB7-Th:PC70BM and PNB4:PC70BM were investigated. It is found that bimolecular recombination is the most prominent factor limiting the performance of OSCs. For freshly made OSCs fabricated based on the commercial polymers, e.g. PTB7 & PTB7-Th, and the new polymer PNB4 synthesized in-house, the trap-assisted charge recombination process in the BHJ active layer plays a relatively small role. This suggests that reducing the bimolecular recombination in OSCs through selecting proper materials and device structures is crucial for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OCSs. In this work, device structures which enable reducing bimolecular recombination in OSCs were investigated. The effect of ZnO interlayer at the interface between BHJ and Al cathode on the performance of PTB7:PC71BM based OSCs was studied by a combination of theoretical simulation and experimental characterization techniques, e.g., using light intensity-dependent JV characteristic and TPC measurements etc. It shows that ZnO interlayer has a profound effect on the performance of the PTB7:PC70BM-based OSCs, although it does not have a significant influence on the maximum absorptance in the active layer. The origin of the improvement in the cell performance is associated with the efficient charge collection due to the favorable exciton dissociation at the electrode/active layer interface. It is shown that the presence of the ZnO interlayer allows using a thinner active layer without moderating the absorption in the optically optimized control OSCs without the ZnO interlayer. OSCs with a ~10 nm thick ZnO interlayer are found to be favorable for the efficient charge collection, and thereby improving the cell performance. The TPC measurements also reveal that the dissociation of excitons at the metal/organic interface of regular OSCs hinders the electron collection. The unfavorable interfacial exciton dissociation can be removed by interposing a ZnO interlayer at the Al/organic interface, thus bimolecular recombination at the electrode/active layer interface can be reduced for improving the charge collection efficiency. PCE of the OSCs using ZnO interlayer was 6.5%, which is about 20% higher than a control cell (5.4%), having an identical device configuration without a ZnO interlayer. Solution-processed anode interlayer, a mixture of solution-processed MoOX and PEDOT:PSS, was adopted for application in inverted PTB7:PC71BM-based OSCs. The ratio of MoOX to PEDOT:PSS in the mixed solution was optimized for achieving the best cell performance. A PCE of 7.4% was obtained for OSCs with an optimal MoOX-PEDOT:PSS based interlayer, interposed between the BHJ active layer and Ag anode, which means 10% enhancement over the PCE of control cell made with an evaporated MoOX interlayer. Light intensity-dependent JV characteristics implied that the bimolecular recombination in OSCs with a MoOX-PEDOT:PSS interlayer was reduced. TPC measurements showed that the favorable exciton dissociation occurs at the organic/MoOX interface for the inverted OSCs. The favorable interfacial exciton dissociation generates an electrical field within a very small space near the interface, contributing significant additional photocurrent when the effective bias across the active layer in the OSCs is low, and thereby assisting in an efficient charge collection at the organic/electrode interface. In addition to the improvement in the cell performance, the solution-processed MoOX-PEDOT:PSS interlayer does not require a post-annealing treatment, which is beneficial for application in solution-processed tandem and flexible OSCs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_me_ilha.pdf: 12762635 bytes, checksum: b76892388566205b119c3e34cf5587f8 (MD5) / Considerando-se as políticas mundiais e nacionais com relação às mudanças climáticas decorrentes da ação humana, no contexto da produção e consumo de energia elétrica, novas fontes renováveis e alternativas para a produção de energia elétrica, com menores impactos ambientais e elevadas eficiências têm sido exploradas na literatura científica. Dentro deste contexto é desenvolvido neste trabalho um sistema de geração de energia elétrica de pequeno porte baseado na associação em série de poucos painéis solares fotovoltaicos. São apresentadas análises e simulações de diversas estruturas monofásicas não isoladas que contemplam o estado da arte e integram parte das estruturas mais utilizadas pela indústria. O sistema proposto para operar como Geração Distribuída (GD) é um sistema a duplo estágio, composto pelo conversor elevador Boost entrelaçado e em cascata com o inversor monofásico em ponte completa. O sistema de GD proposto possui um algoritmo tipo P&O (Perturband Observe) para a extração da máxima potência (MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking), mesclando o algoritmo P&O para o rastreamento do MPP, com o potencial do algoritmo Vcte (Tensão constante) para o processo de inicialização do sistema, melhorando o aproveitamento da energia advinda dos painéis fotovoltaicos. Além disso, em virtude da necessidade de conexão segura deste sistema à rede pública de distribuição de energia elétrica em corrente alternada, é implementado um método de sincronismo com a rede CA em baixa tensão; além da análise e síntese de um algoritmo híbrido para detecção e proteção de ilhamento, a fim de garantir a segurança do sistema e dos usuários. O controle do conversor, a técnica de MPPT, a detecção e proteção de ilhamento, bem como o sincronismo com a rede em CA, são implementadas... / Considering the global and national policies related to climate change due to human action, in the context of production and consumption of electricity, new renewable and alternative sources for electricity production with less environmental impacts and high efficiencies have been proposed and analyzed in the scientific literature. In this context, this work it is developed a photovoltaic small electrical generation system in order to operate with a few series connected photovoltaic panels. Moreover, it is presented analyses and simulations of several structures that include the state of the art single-phase non-isolated inverters, where the most of them are commonly used by industry. The proposed structure developed to operate as a distributed generation system is a dual-stage converter, composed by an Interleaved Boost Converter cascaded with a single-phase Full-Bridge Inverter. A maximum power point tracking technique is implemented and tested in order to increase energy utilization, mixing the potential of P&O algorithm together with Vcte algorithm. Furthermore, because of safe-operation grid connection necessities this work presents analysis and implementation of a hybrid anti-island detection technique with a synchronization method with the AC public low voltage grid. The converter control system and MPPT techniques, anti-island detection and management system together with the synchronization are implemented digitally... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Banca: Jair de Jesus Florentino / Banca:José Fernando Presenço / Resumo: Para avaliar o desempenho de motobombas alimentadas por uma central de microgeração fotovoltaica (MGD-FV), foi necessária a montagem de um sistema de monitoramento e coletas de dados da produção e consumo de energia, dados estes, necessários para que se determinassem índices específicos da capacidade de bombeamento de duas bombas hidráulicas distintas, instaladas no Sítio Modelo da Fazenda Lageado, elevando água de uma cisterna para um reservatório. O desempenho de cada bomba foi avaliado em função de suas características elétricas e hidráulicas e sua interação com a irradiância solar disponível para seu acionamento. Cada sistema trabalhou em três pressões manométricas de recalque durante o período de 5 dias. O volume de água bombeado pelos dois sistemas propostos variou entre 5244 a 9398 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF2 e de 6249 a 7792 litros/dia, para o sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico - SBF1, sendo que ambos bombearam água suficiente para atender as necessidades básicas de uma pequena propriedade rural. O desempenho prático de cada sistema foi verificado em função do (IB) índice de bombeamento, em l/kWh e do (IC) índice de consumo, em kWh/l, baseado nesses índices pode-se notar que nas condições desse experimento a bomba do SBF2 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 2,5 e 7,5 mca em regiões com baixo índice de irradiação ou estações ano que apresentam energia disponível reduzida no período, pois tem maior volume bombeado quando submetida a essas condições de trabalho. A bomba SBF1 é mais indicada para valores de altura manométrica entre 7,5 e 13,5 mca em regiões com alto índice de irradiação / Abstract: To evaluate the performance of pumps powered by a photovoltaic microgeneration (MGD-FV), it was necessary to mount a system of monitoring and data collection of production and consumption of energy, these data needed for specific indices that would determine the pumping capacity of two separate hydraulic pumps, installed in the Site Model Farm Lageado, bringing water from a tanker to a storage tank. The performance of each pump was assessed in terms of their electrical and hydraulic characteristics and their interaction with the solar irradiance available for your drive. Each system worked into three booster gauge pressures during 5 days. The volume of water pumped by the two proposed systems ranged between 5244-9398 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF2 and 6249-7792 liters / day for the PV pumping system - SBF1, both of which have pumped enough water to meet the basic needs of a small farm. The practical performance of each system was checked as a function of (IB) pumping rate in l / kWh and (IC) rate of consumption in kWh / l, based on these indices may be noted that under the conditions of this experiment the pump SBF2 is the most suitable for gauge height values between 2.5 and 7.5 mca in regions with low levels of irradiation or the seasons which have reduced energy available in the period, it has greater volume pumped when subjected to these working conditions. The SBF1 pump is most suitable for gauge height values between 7.5 and 13.5 mca in regions with high irradiation / Mestre