Rugby union is a popular sport played in more than a 100 countries worldwide. In South Africa rugby is a major sport c0mpare.d to other playing countries such as Australia, England, France, Ireland and Scotland where it is only thud, fourth or fifth most popular sport (SARFU: 2003d:ll) Rugby consists of various activities that require certain anthropometrical, physical and motor and rugby-specific components. These components are specific to the positional requirements in rugby (Craven, 1974; De Ridder, 1993; Noakes & Du Plessis, 1996; Malan & Hanekom, 2001; Van Gent, 2003). Du Randt and Headley (1993:112) stated that the process of talent identification in South Africa was uncontrolled and in the beginning phase. Since then scientific research on talent identification of youth rugby players in South Africa has been done by De Ridder (1993), Pienaar and Spamer (1995,1998), Hare (1997) and Van Gent (2003) to name a few. Research has been done regarding positional requirements (Van Gent, 2003) in the adolescent rugby player. However, little is known about the elite schoolboy rugby player in South Africa and internationally. In 1995, the National Sports Council of South Africa compiled a policy, highlighting the need and importance of a scientific identification and development programme of talented sportspeople (South Africa, 1996). Eight years after the national policy was compiled, the South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU) launched a major new player identification and development strategy (SARFU, 2003d:15). In 2003, SARFU identified the U/16 age group schoolboys as the first level of talent identification thus the focus should be on South African schools in particular, because this is the breeding ground for elite sportsmen and women. The U/16 and U/18 players are chosen to represent their provinces at a national rugby week. The U/16 and U/18 rugby players chosen at the end of the national rugby week (Grant Khomo U/16 week and the U/18 Craven Week for High Schools) are named the Green Squad and consists of a 100 top players from both the U/16 and U/18 groups (SARFU, 2003b:2). This study is the start of a new phase of research on the elite youth rugby player. The significance of this study is the compilation of a profile of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player, with reference to anthropometrical variables, physical and motor abilities and game-specific skills which will serve as a guide to the school and provincial coaches on team selection and individual training programmes. A further contribution is that this research will support SARFU in the process of identifying and developing youth rugby players. Furthermore, this study will also form part of an international research profile on talent identification of elite youth rugby players as well as the development in school sport. The aim of this study was to compile a status profile of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player in South Africa with reference to anthropometrical variables, physical and motor abilities and game specific skills as well as a status profile for different playing positions of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player in South Africa. The literature review emphasises the value of sport education and physical education in schools as well as the growth and motor development of the adolescent. According to Dick (1992:125) the adolescent period is the best time for the athlete to develop physical and motor abilities. Physical and sport education in schools offers the adolescent the opportunity to develop certain skills be it physical, motor, emotional or mental skills. In South Africa many talented and less talented adolescents have the opportunities to participate in sport due to player development programmes in various sports. Not only does physical and sport education aid to improve health related and skill-related fitness but also aids in talent detection and talent identification programmes. It is also important to fully understand the adolescent's growth and motor development as these variables have an influence on sporting performance. The literature review also discusses talent identification models that have evolved over the past decades as well as talent identification in youth sport and youth rugby development in South Africa. Salmela and Regnier (1983) stated that talent identification is a long process in which potential sportspeople are identified and developed in a specific kind of sport. Assessments of talent identification programmes should be done regularly to get the best value for a country's sporting achievement as well as an individual's future sporting performance. This could help researchers to adapt regularly to the physical profile of youth rugby players and help to establish norms that can be used to identify and develop elite youth sportspeople. The empirical study (chapter 4) explains the different measurements and tests that were done with the Green Squad players. The research group consisted of U/16 (n = 93) and U/18 (n = 97) elite South African schoolboy rugby players, also known as the Green Squad of SARFU. The players of the Green Squad represented all 14 provinces of South Africa. Each player was tested in August 2003 and February 2004 according to a rugby test protocol of SARFU. The test protocol consisted of anthropometrical variables; body height, body mass, body fat percentage, muscle percentage, skin fold thickness and somatotype. The game-specific skill components that were used included ground skills, kicking for distance, passing for distance, passing for accuracy 4 m and catching and throwing over the crossbar. Physical and motor components consisted of bench press, pull ups, push ups, speed over 10 m and 40 m, agility Illinois test and speed endurance. Descriptive statistics (x, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) were used as well as practical significant differences (d-values) (Cohen, 1988). The method of principal components analysis (PCA) and correlations was used to determine best player position of the Green Squad 2003/2004 season (Bartholomew et al. 2002). The SAS-computer programme package of the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus (SAS Institute Inc., 1999) was used for data analysis. By means of the results that were obtained, it was indicated that as far as the anthropometrical variables among the Ul16 Green Squad players were concerned differences were found between the Green Squad group and U/16 rugby players of other studies. The U/l6 Green Squad players also reported practical significant differences with regard to anthropometrical components from 2003 to 2004. The results of the anthropometrical data of the U/18 Green Squad players compared favourably to literature. Although the U/18 Green Squad group improved from 2003 to 2004 in terms of anthropometrical components, low practical significance was recorded. In terms of physical and motor, the U/16 Green Squad players presented more improvements from 2003 to 2004 than the U/18 Green Squad players that could be due to growth and training programmes that were followed. However, the U/18 Green Squad players presented a better performance than the U/18 players in literature that could also be due to conditioning and training programmes that were followed. With regard to game skill components the U/16 and U/18 Green Squad rugby players possessed better game-specific skills in most tests than their counterparts in literature. Differences between national and provincial youth rugby players were recorded with regard to anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components, thus the importance of further studies on the elite schoolboy rugby players, are evident. Practical significant differences were found between different playing positions in both age groups with reference to anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components. It can be derived that differences do exist between playing positions with regard to' anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components and that it is necessary to include the components in a player position test battery. To summarise, this study succeeded to compile a status profile of the elite youth rugby player with reference to physical and game-specific variables. This test battery can be used in positional talent identification and development models for elite schoolboy rugby players. School and provincial coaches can use this test battery as a guide on team selection and individual training programmes. It adds an enormous amount of knowledge on talent identification of youth elite rugby players. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Rugby union is a popular sport played in more than a 100 countries worldwide. In South Africa rugby is a major sport c0mpare.d to other playing countries such as Australia, England, France, Ireland and Scotland where it is only thud, fourth or fifth most popular sport (SARFU: 2003d:ll) Rugby consists of various activities that require certain anthropometrical, physical and motor and rugby-specific components. These components are specific to the positional requirements in rugby (Craven, 1974; De Ridder, 1993; Noakes & Du Plessis, 1996; Malan & Hanekom, 2001; Van Gent, 2003). Du Randt and Headley (1993:112) stated that the process of talent identification in South Africa was uncontrolled and in the beginning phase. Since then scientific research on talent identification of youth rugby players in South Africa has been done by De Ridder (1993), Pienaar and Spamer (1995,1998), Hare (1997) and Van Gent (2003) to name a few. Research has been done regarding positional requirements (Van Gent, 2003) in the adolescent rugby player. However, little is known about the elite schoolboy rugby player in South Africa and internationally. In 1995, the National Sports Council of South Africa compiled a policy, highlighting the need and importance of a scientific identification and development programme of talented sportspeople (South Africa, 1996). Eight years after the national policy was compiled, the South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU) launched a major new player identification and development strategy (SARFU, 2003d:15). In 2003, SARFU identified the U/16 age group schoolboys as the first level of talent identification thus the focus should be on South African schools in particular, because this is the breeding ground for elite sportsmen and women. The U/16 and U/18 players are chosen to represent their provinces at a national rugby week. The U/16 and U/18 rugby players chosen at the end of the national rugby week (Grant Khomo U/16 week and the U/18 Craven Week for High Schools) are named the Green Squad and consists of a 100 top players from both the U/16 and U/18 groups (SARFU, 2003b:2). This study is the start of a new phase of research on the elite youth rugby player. The significance of this study is the compilation of a profile of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player, with reference to anthropometrical variables, physical and motor abilities and game-specific skills which will serve as a guide to the school and provincial coaches on team selection and individual training programmes. A further contribution is that this research will support SARFU in the process of identifying and developing youth rugby players. Furthermore, this study will also form part of an international research profile on talent identification of elite youth rugby players as well as the development in school sport. The aim of this study was to compile a status profile of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player in South Africa with reference to anthropometrical variables, physical and motor abilities and game specific skills as well as a status profile for different playing positions of the U/16 and U/18 elite rugby player in South Africa. The literature review emphasises the value of sport education and physical education in schools as well as the growth and motor development of the adolescent. According to Dick (1992:125) the adolescent period is the best time for the athlete to develop physical and motor abilities. Physical and sport education in schools offers the adolescent the opportunity to develop certain skills be it physical, motor, emotional or mental skills. In South Africa many talented and less talented adolescents have the opportunities to participate in sport due to player development programmes in various sports. Not only does physical and sport education aid to improve health related and skill-related fitness but also aids in talent detection and talent identification programmes. It is also important to fully understand the adolescent's growth and motor development as these variables have an influence on sporting performance. The literature review also discusses talent identification models that have evolved over the past decades as well as talent identification in youth sport and youth rugby development in South Africa. Salmela and Regnier (1983) stated that talent identification is a long process in which potential sportspeople are identified and developed in a specific kind of sport. Assessments of talent identification programmes should be done regularly to get the best value for a country's sporting achievement as well as an individual's future sporting performance. This could help researchers to adapt regularly to the physical profile of youth rugby players and help to establish norms that can be used to identify and develop elite youth sportspeople. The empirical study (chapter 4) explains the different measurements and tests that were done with the Green Squad players. The research group consisted of U/16 (n = 93) and U/18 (n = 97) elite South African schoolboy rugby players, also known as the Green Squad of SARFU. The players of the Green Squad represented all 14 provinces of South Africa. Each player was tested in August 2003 and February 2004 according to a rugby test protocol of SARFU. The test protocol consisted of anthropometrical variables; body height, body mass, body fat percentage, muscle percentage, skin fold thickness and somatotype. The game-specific skill components that were used included ground skills, kicking for distance, passing for distance, passing for accuracy 4 m and catching and throwing over the crossbar. Physical and motor components consisted of bench press, pull ups, push ups, speed over 10 m and 40 m, agility Illinois test and speed endurance. Descriptive statistics (x, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) were used as well as practical significant differences (d-values) (Cohen, 1988). The method of principal components analysis (PCA) and correlations was used to determine best player position of the Green Squad 2003/2004 season (Bartholomew et al. 2002). The SAS-computer programme package of the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus (SAS Institute Inc., 1999) was used for data analysis. By means of the results that were obtained, it was indicated that as far as the anthropometrical variables among the Ul16 Green Squad players were concerned differences were found between the Green Squad group and U/16 rugby players of other studies. The U/l6 Green Squad players also reported practical significant differences with regard to anthropometrical components from 2003 to 2004. The results of the anthropometrical data of the U/18 Green Squad players compared favourably to literature. Although the U/18 Green Squad group improved from 2003 to 2004 in terms of anthropometrical components, low practical significance was recorded. In terms of physical and motor, the U/16 Green Squad players presented more improvements from 2003 to 2004 than the U/18 Green Squad players that could be due to growth and training programmes that were followed. However, the U/18 Green Squad players presented a better performance than the U/18 players in literature that could also be due to conditioning and training programmes that were followed. With regard to game skill components the U/16 and U/18 Green Squad rugby players possessed better game-specific skills in most tests than their counterparts in literature. Differences between national and provincial youth rugby players were recorded with regard to anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components, thus the importance of further studies on the elite schoolboy rugby players, are evident. Practical significant differences were found between different playing positions in both age groups with reference to anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components. It can be derived that differences do exist between playing positions with regard to' anthropometrical, physical and motor and game-specific components and that it is necessary to include the components in a player position test battery. To summarise, this study succeeded to compile a status profile of the elite youth rugby player with reference to physical and game-specific variables. This test battery can be used in positional talent identification and development models for elite schoolboy rugby players. School and provincial coaches can use this test battery as a guide on team selection and individual training programmes. It adds an enormous amount of knowledge on talent identification of youth elite rugby players. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Title: Relationship between game skills, physical fitness and self-efficacy in footbal players in relation to age. Objectives: Discover the interrelationship of self-efficacy, physical abilities and specific game skills in football players (13 - 19 years). At the same time, the objective is to verify the effect of age on the level of physical abilities, specific game skills and self- efficacy. Methods: The Czech version of the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) standard questionnaire was used to determine the level of self-efficacy. To determine the level of physical abilities and specific game skills, were used to diagnose and compare the level of football players in centers for the education of talented youth. A set of photocells (Alge Timing GmbH, Lustenau, Austria) was used to measure the 20 m sprint time, agility and ball slalom. The basic statistical characteristics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation) will be used to interpret the results. Standardization / normalization of values has been used with the help of Z-points for transferring results so that we can express the level of specific game skills with a single score. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between self-efficacy and football gaming skills. To evaluate the significance of the differences between...