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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

A study of X-ray observations of Aquila X-1 /

Hoffman, Kelsey L. January 2006 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to obtain the most precise radius measurement of the neutron star in Aql X-1. In order to measure the radius, nine new observations have been analyzed along with four previously analyzed observations. Two of the new observations were taken with XMM-Newton. During the times of the XMM-Newton observations Aql X-1 was found not to be in quiescence and so cannot be used for radius measurements. This state of active accretion of Aql X-1 is characterized by basic spectral analysis. Spectral lines from Aql X-1 were investigated using the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) on XMM-Newton. There was no visual evidence of spectral lines from Aql X-1 observed. The seven new Chandra observations along with four others all caught Aql X-1 in quiescence. These observations were taken over two quiescent periods with an intervening outburst. Joint spectral fitting of the 11 observations revealed significant variability in the high energy (>2keV) emission but that the thermal emission---which emerges from the neutron star atmosphere---was constant, as expected from theory. The high energy component was parameterized with a varying power-law, with the thermal component held constant. The best fit from jointly fitting the observations was Rinfinity= 11.6+0.4-0.1 (D/5kpc)km and LogTeff(K)= 6.49+0.01-0.02 , where D is the distance to Aql X-1. This is the most precise measurement of the neutron star radius for this source, with the dominant uncertainty (not included in the statistical uncertainty) now in the source distance. Finally, a new class of neutron stars, RRATs, have recently been introduced. One of the RRATs includes Aql X-1 in its error circle. A search was performed of the Chandra and XMM-Newton observations for candidate counterparts. A fading X-ray source, CXOU J191121.4+003844, was found to lie within the error circle of the RRAT, which is put forth as a candidate X-ray counterpart.
202

VERy TRenDy: the VERITAS transient detector

Griffin, Sean January 2011 (has links)
Fast optical transients (microsecond timescale) are a largely unexplored field of optical astronomy mainly due to the fact that large optical telescopes are oversubscribed. Furthermore, most optical observations use instruments with integration times on the order of seconds and are thus unable to resolve fast transients. Current-generation atmospheric Cherenkov gamma-ray telescopes such as VERITAS (the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System), however, have huge collecting areas, larger than any existing optical telescopes, albeit at the cost of spatial resolution. Time is typically available for studies without interfering with gamma-ray observations. The following outlines the benefits of using a Cherenkov telescope to detect optical transients and the implementation of VERy TRenDy (the VERITAS Transient Detector), a dedicated multi-channel rate meter based on field-programmable gate arrays. Data are presented demonstrating the ability of TRenDy to detect transient events such as a star passing through its field of view and the optical light curve of a pulsar. Future scientific goals such as looking for microsecond-timescale optical flares are described as are the possible sources. / Les phénomènes optiques transitoires rapides (sur une échelle de microsecondes) sont un domaine d'astronomie optique encore très peu exploré, du au fait que les demandes de temps d'utilisation des grands télescopes optiques sont trop nombreuses. De plus, la plupart des observations optiques utilisent des instruments avec des temps d'intégration de l'ordre de secondes, et sont donc incapables de résoudre les phénomènes transitoires. Les télescopes atmosphériques Cherenkov pour rayons gamma de la génération actuelle, comme VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System), ont quant à eux d'énormes surfaces collectrices, plus larges que n'importe quel autre télescope optique existant, malgré une perte de résolution spatiale. Il est habituellement possible de consacrer du temps pour faire des études sans interférer avec les observations de rayons gamma. Ce qui suit résume les bénéfices de l'utilisation de télescopes Cherenkov pour détecter les phénoménes optiques transitoires et de l'utilisation de VERy TRenDy (VERITAS Transient Detector), un compteur à multiples canaux basé sur les réseaux de portes programmables in-situ. Les données présentées dans ce mémoire démontrent la capacité de TRenDy a détecter les phénomènes transitoires tels qu'une étoile passant dans le champ de vision et la courbe de lumière d'un pulsar. Les objectifs scientifiques futurs tels que l'observation des éruptions optiques sur une échelle de microsecondes sont décrits, ainsi que les sources potentielles.
203

X-ray observations of young neutron stars

Gonzalez, Marjorie January 2008 (has links)
The extreme physical properties of neutron stars make them efficient emitters at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum and, traditionally, they have been extensively studied at radio wavelengths. The neutron stars with the highest estimated magnetic fields (so-called "magnetars") have remarkably different characteristics from the rest of the population: they emit no persistent radio emission but show large amounts of high-energy radiation that is thought to be powered by their large magnetic fields. For this thesis we have studied the X-ray emission properties of various types of young neutron stars, discovering unusual characteristics, constraining long-term behaviour and finding associated nebulae. We have observed the neutron stars PSR B0154+61 and PSR J1119-6127, which have high magnetic fields but otherwise emit normal radio emission. For the latter, unusual thermal X-ray emission was discovered that points to the possible effects of a magnetic field on the surface. Also, this source now represents the youngest neutron star from which thermal emission from the surface has been detected. However, we find no evidence for clear magnetar-like characteristics in these sources. The reason for this discrepancy, as yet unclear and a matter of debate, poses a great challenge to our understanding of the evolution of neutron stars and their emission mechanisms. We have also studied the long-term properties of the "anomalous X-ray pulsar" 4U 0142+61, thought to be a magnetar. We find that changes are present in almost all of its emission characteristics over the last 7 years. The observed changes agree with the general predictions made by the magnetar model of such sources. However, the details of these changes suggest that further work is still needed on the expected emission from these objects. In addition, neutron stars are seen to power extended structures, called pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), which can radiate large amounts of high-energy emission. He / Les propriétés extrêmes des étoiles à neutrons font de ces objets compacts des émetteurs efficaces dans toutes les longueurs d'ondes du spectre électromagnétique. Cependant, elles ont historiquement été étudiées principalement dans les ondes radios. Les étoiles à neutrons ayant un fort champ magnétique (appelées "magnétars") ont des caractéristiques remarquablement différentes du reste de la population: elles n'émettent pas d'ondes radios mais elles présentent de grandes quantités de radiations à haute énergie causées par le champ magnétique. Pour ce projet, nous avons étudié les propriétés des rayons X provenant de différents types de jeunes étoiles à neutrons, découvert des caractéristiques inattendues, contraint le comportement à long terme et enfin trouvé des nébuleuses associés aux étoiles à neutrons. Tout d'abord, nous avons observé les étoiles à neutrons PSR B0154+61 et PSR J1119-6127. Ces deux objets ont un fort champ magnétique mais ils émettent cependant des ondes radios normales. Pour la seconde, des émissions de rayons X thermiques ont également été découvertes, ce qui suggère les possibles effets du champ magnétique sur la surface. Aussi, cette source est maintenant la plus jeune étoile à neutrons émettant une radiation thermique depuis sa surface. Il n'y a cependant aucune preuve permettant d'associer ces sources aux caractéristiques des magnétars. La raison de cette différence, toujours incomprise et sujette à de nombreux débats, pose un énorme défi à notre compréhension de l'évolution des étoiles à neutrons et de leurs mécanismes d'émission. Ensuite, nous avons également étudié les propriétés à long terme du "pulsar anormal à Rayons X" 4U 0142+61, que l'on pense être un magnétar. Nous trouvons des changements de presque toutes ces caractéristiques d'émission sur les 7 dernières années. Les variations observées sont en accord avec les prédictions suggérées par$
204

Observations of the high-energy peaked BL lac object H1426 + 428 with the solar tower atmospheric Cherenkov effect experiment

Mueller, Carsten January 2008 (has links)
The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE) was an atmospheric Cherenkov telescope operational until June 2007, which detected cosmic gamma rays by means of the wavefront-sampling technique. Using 64 of the large heliostats available at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) near Albuquerque, New Mexico, its total mirror area of 2378 m^2 allowed it to achieve energy thresholds between 150 and 200 GeV. Following a review of the field of gamma-ray astrophysics and Active Galactic Nuclei, this work provides a detailed description of the detector, along with an introduction to simulation and data analysis techniques. During the springs of 2003 and 2004, STACEE observed the High-Energy-Peaked BL Lac object H1426+428, an established emitter of gamma rays in the TeV energy range. A full analysis of these data reveals that STACEE did not detect a statistically significant gamma-ray excess from H1426+428 in either data set. With the help of detailed detector simulations, upper limits on the integrated gamma-ray fluxes, F, at the 95% confidence level are obtained for both observing seasons: F(E > 163 GeV) < 1.83e-6 m^-2 s^-1 and F(E > 165 GeV) < 0.78e-6 m^-2 s^-1 for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The derived upper limits are discussed in the context of the results obtained by other gamma-ray observatories. / Le telescope a effet Cherenkov atmospherique STACEE (Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment), en operation jusqu'en juin 2007, servait a detecter des rayons gamma d'origine cosmique en utilisant la technique d'echantillonnage du front d'onde. L'utilisation de 64 heliostats de la centrale solaire NSTTF (National Solar Thermal Test Facility) situee pres d'Albuquerque au Nouveau Mexique permettait au telescope d'atteindre des seuils d'energie entre 150 et 200 GeV. Cette these commence par une revue dans le domaine de l'astrophysique des rayons gamma et des noyaux actifs galactiques, puis presente une description detaillee du detecteur STACEE, de meme qu'une introduction aux techniques de simulation et d'analyse de donnees. Entre mars et juin 2003 ainsi qu'entre mars et juillet 2004, STACEE a observe l'objet HBL H1426+428, un emetteur avere de rayons gamma TeV. L'analyse complete des donnees recueillies revele que STACEE n'a permis de detecter un exces de rayons gamma statistiquement significatif provenant de H1426+428 dans aucun des deux ensembles de donnees. Des simulations detaillees de l'effet du detecteur ont permis d'obtenir des limites superieures du flux integre de rayons gamma, F, a un niveau de confiance de 95% pour les deux saisons d'observation: F(E > 163 GeV) < 1.83e-6 m^-2 s^-1 pour les observations effectuees en 2003, et F(E > 165 GeV) < 0.78e-6 m^-2 s^-1 pour celles de 2004. Les limites superieures ainsi obtenues sont comparees aux mesures de flux enregistrees par d'autres detecteurs, et des implications possibles sont discutees.
205

Radio pulsars in binary systems

Breton, René January 2009 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the study of binary radio pulsars, their evolution and some specific use of their properties to investigate fundamental physics such as general relativity and other gravitational theories. The work that we present here is organized in three main parts. First, we report on the study of PSR J1744-3922, a binary pulsar presenting a peculiar `flickering' flux behavior as well as spin and orbital properties that do not correspond to the expectations of standard evolution scenarios. We investigated the nature of this flux behavior. We also studied the pulsar's properties in relationship to the binary radio pulsar population and proposed the existence of an as yet unidentified class of binary pulsars. Second, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the eclipses in the relativistic double pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B. During these eclipses, the `A' pulsar partly disappears for ~30 s behind its companion, `B'. The eclipse light curve displays a complex structure of flux modulation that is synchronized with the rotation of pulsar B. We worked on improving our understanding of the eclipse phenomenology and more particularly the modulation phenomenon. From our modeling of the eclipses, we precisely determined the geometry of pulsar B in space and used this information to study the temporal behavior of the eclipses, which revealed that pulsar B precesses around the angular momentum of the system in a way that is consistent with the prediction of general relativity. Third, we searched for the signature of latitudinal aberration in the pulse profile of pulsar A in PSR J0737-3039A/B. This relativistic effect should cause a periodic variation in the separation between the two pulse components of pulsar A on an orbital time scale. The non-detection of this effect allows us to put an upper limit on its amplitude, which constrains the geometry of pulsar A with respect to our line of sight as well as its emission geometry. / Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude des pulsars en systèmes binaires, leur évolution, ainsi que certains usages de leurs propriétés pour comprendre la physique fondamentale dont la relativité générale et les théories gravitationnelles alternatives. Le travail de cette thèse comprend trois parties principales.En premier lieu, nous présentons l'étude de PSR J1744-3922, un pulsar binaire démontrant d'étranges fluctuations d'intensité lumineuse ainsi que des propriétés orbitales et de rotation qui ne correspondent pas aux prédictions des scénarios évolutifs conventionnels. Nous analysons d'abord les fluctuations d'intensité lumineuse. Nous étudions ensuite la nature de ce pulsar en relation avec la population de pulsars radio en systèmes binaires et proposons l'existence d'une classe de pulsars binaires qui n'avait pas encore été mise à jour.Deuxièmement, nous avons réalisé une analyse en profondeur des éclipses du pulsar double relativiste PSR J0737-3039A/B. Durant ces éclipses, le pulsar `A' disparaît partiellement pendant une trentaine de secondes derrière son compagnon, `B'. La courbe de lumière des éclipses montre une complexe structure de modulation d'intensité qui est synchronisée avec la rotation du pulsar B. Les travaux présentés ici ont pour but de mieux comprendre la phénoménologie des éclipses et visent plus particulièrement le phénomène de modulation. La modélisation des éclipses nous a permis de précisément déterminer la géométrie du pulsar B dans l'espace et d'en déduire son évolution temporelle. Nous concluons que le pulsar B subit une précession de son axe de rotation autour du moment angulaire du système selon un taux et une direction en accord avec la prédiction de la relativité générale.Pour conclure, nous avons recherché la présence d'aberration latitudinale dans le profil du pulse du pulsar A, toujours dans le double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A/B. Cet effet relativiste devrait causer une
206

An «XMM» search for quiescient low -mass x-ray binaries in globular cluster using x-ray spectral identification

Guillot, Sebastien January 2009 (has links)
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) are now routinely used for neutron star (NS) radius measurements. Observations of these systems in their quiescent stage (qLMXB) is one method leading to precise measurements. However, the dominant source of uncertainty on the NS radii remains the distance to the binary systems. Globular clusters (GCs) are therefore the places to look for more qLMXBs, due to their known or measurable distances and their abundance of binary systems. This thesis reports the discovery of seven candidate qLMXBs in six GCs, using observations from the XMM-Newton satellite, based on X-ray spectral consistency with NS hydrogen atmosphere models. The goal of this program of observations is to increase the population of known GC qLMXBs, for which longer follow-up exposures will permit high precision radius measurements. Nine candidates were initially identified based on their X-ray spectra with signal-to-noise ratio S/N > 3. Two candidates in NGC 6304 were tentatively confirmed, with consistent best-fit parameters, in a follow-up Chandra X-ray observatory observation. One low-S/N candidate in NGC 6540 (S/N = 7) was subsequently excluded by a deeper, higher S/N (S/N = 17) observation. One other candidate was also excluded on the basis of the spatial velocity of the associated companion star, precluding cluster membership. Thus, the present work has added seven new qLMXB candidates to the eleven previously known. / Les systèmes binaires X à faible masse (LMXB) sont de plus en plus utilisés pour mesurer le rayon des étoiles à neutrons. L'observation de ces systèmes au repos (en quiescence, qLMXB) est l'une des méthodes utilisées pour obtenir des mesures précises du rayon. Cependant, l'incertitude dominante reste la distance du système binaire. Les amas globulaires (AGs) sont donc les emplacements pour chercher des qLMXBs, grâce à leur distance connues ou facilement mesurables et leur abondance de qLMXBs. Cette thèse présente la découverte de sept qLMXBs candidates dans six AGs à partir d'observations du satellite XMM-Newton, basée sur leurs compatibilité avec des modèles d'atmosphère d'hydrogène d'étoiles à neutrons. Le but de ce programme d'observations est d'augmenter la population des qLMXBs connues, pour lesquelles de plus longues observations permettront des mesures de rayons plus précises. Neuf candidates ont été l'objet de découvertes basées sur leur spectre X avec un rapport signal-sur-bruit S/B > 3. Deux d'entre elles, dans l'amas NGC 6304, ont été confirmées, avec des paramètres compatibles, grâce à des observations du satellite Chandra. Une candidate dans NGC 6540, ayant un faible S/B (S/B = 7), a été exclu après l'analyse de données avec un S/B = 17. Une autre a également été révoqué à cause du mouvement propre de sa compagne optique, excluant toute appartenance à l'AG. Par conséquent, le travail présenté ici a ajouté sept candidates qLMXB aux onze déjà connues.
207

An investigation of the plate scale of the VERITAS telescopes

Bautista, Mary January 2009 (has links)
The plate scale is a parameter which relates the observed angular distance in the sky to the physical distance in a telescope's focal plane. In the telescopes of the VERITAS project the correct interpretation of shower images in the camera plane is only possible if the plate scale is properly known. Well understood images help to better calculate the shower parameters, thus allowing more efficient background rejection and more accurate estimation of primary gamma-ray properties. The VERITAS telescopes' plate scale has been calculated and simulated but never actually measured or studied in detail. The purpose of this thesis is to measure the plate scale and compare it to the simulated and calculated values. The effect that the plate scale has on the angular resolution and the source location reconstruction is also analyzed. It was found that a known plate scale effect was not being handled properly by the offline analysis and was causing a systematic error. As a result of this research, the plate scale effect was recently added to the shower reconstruction analysis code, thus improving the calculations of the primary gamma-ray properties. / L'échelle au foyer est un paramètre qui relie la distance angulaire observée dans le ciel à la distance physique dans le plan focal d'un télescope. Une juste interprétation des images d'une cascade électromagnétique dans la caméra est possible uniquement si l'échelle au foyer est connue de façon précise. Une bonne compréhension des images permet de calculer les différents paramètres de la cascade, permettant ainsi de discriminer le bruit de fond de manière plus efficace et d'estimer plus précisément les propriétés du rayon gamma primaire. L'échelle au foyer des télescope s VERITAS a été calculée et simulée numériquement auparavant, mais n'a jamais été mesurée directement ni étudiée en détail. Le but de ce mémoire est de mesurer l'échelle au foyer et de la comparer aux valeurs simulées et calculées. L'effet de l'échelle au foyer sur la résolution angulaire et sur la reconstruction de la position d'une source est aussi étudiée. Il est montré qu'un effet connu de l'échelle au foyer n'est pas traité de façon adéquate par les programmes d'analyse introduisant une erreur systématique. Suite _a ce résultat, l'effet approprié de l'échelle au foyer a récemment été ajoutée au code d'analyse de reconstruction des cascades, améliorant de ce fait le calcul des propriétés du rayon gamma primaire.
208

Monitoring of post-outburst near-infrared flux from the anomalous x-ray pulsar 1E 2259+586

Tam, Cindy R. January 2004 (has links)
On 18 June 2002, the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 2259+586 underwent a major X-ray outburst that lasted several hours and consequently linked AXPs to the class of magnetar-candidates known as soft gamma repeaters (SGRs). Three days after the outburst, observations with the Gemini Observatory showed a near-infrared flux enhancement, presumably associated with the X-ray activity. We have since performed a ~1.5 year monitoring program of the Ks band (2.5 mum) photometry, and find that the flux decreased continually, reaching its pre-burst level after about one year. Comparing both the near-IR flux increase and subsequent decay to those of the X-ray afterglow, we find them to be remarkably consistent. This correlated post-burst activity confirms the association between the X-ray outburst and IR enhancement, and implies a physical link between their origins. In the context of the magnetar model, both types of emission appear to be from the neutron star magnetosphere, although the mechanism powering IR radiation is still unclear. We also compare our results to recent optical/IR observations of other AXPs.
209

Long-term monitoring of anomalous X-ray pulsars with the rossi x-ray timing explorer

Gavriil, Fotis P. January 2001 (has links)
We report on the long-term monitoring of five anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs) using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE ). We present a phase-coherent timing ephemeris for 4U 0142+61, and show that it has rotated with high stability over 4.4 yr, with RMS phase deviation of 7% of the pulse period from a simple fit including only n and n&d2; . We show that 1E 1048.1-5937 shows significant deviations from simple spin-down such that phase-coherent timing has not been possible over time spans longer than a few months. We find that the deviations from simple spin down are not consistent with single "glitch" type events, nor are they consistent with radiative precession. We suggest that 1E 1048.1-5937 may be a transition object between the soft gamma-ray repeater and AXP populations, and the AXP most likely to one day undergo an outburst. We also report on the continued timing stability of 1E 2259.1+586, for which phase coherence has now been maintained over 4.5 yr, as well as on the detection of a significant n&d3; in RXS J170849.0-400910, consistent with recovery following a glitch. We note a possible correlation in which timing stability decreases with increasing n&d2; . We find no large variability in pulse morphology as a function of time. We present high signal-to-noise ratio average pulse profiles for each AXP, and consider them as a function of energy. We find a variety of different behaviors, and consider possible trends in the data. We also find no large variations in pulsed flux, and set la upper limits of &sim;20--30% of the mean.
210

An instrument to study the photon flux from the night sky in the wavelength region relevant for atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes /

Gagnon, Jean-Phillipe, 1980- January 2005 (has links)
The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE) is a ground based gamma-ray telescope. An array of mirrors allow the detection of an astronomical Cherenkov light signal in an large background light flux. This background flux need to be carefully characterized in order to eliminate its contribution and recover the precious Cherenkov signal. This thesis describes an instrument to study the photon flux from the night sky in the wavelength region relevant for the atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The integral photon flux as well as its wavelength dependence can be measured by a baffled tube defining a solid angle viewed by a photomultiplier tube.

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