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Impurity effects in interacting quantum many-body systemsSun, Jun January 2004 (has links)
Impurities have a wide range of effects in interacting quantum many-body systems. They can interplay with interactions and lead to new electronic states of matter. They can also serve as a probe of an "intrinsic" many-body system. In this thesis, we consider the effects of impurities in three quantum many-body systems. First, we study the transport properties of a two-dimensional interacting electronic system with dilute quenched disorder. We find that the ground state is in fact a metallic state and in-plane magnetic-field can drive it to an insulating one. Second, we address the orthogonality catastrophe in Bose-Einstein condensate with a local impurity at its center. It is shown that the orthogonality effect in a Bose system has a stretched-exponential form, stronger than the algebraic orthogonality of a Fermi counterpart. The corresponding absorption spectrum is also determined. Finally, we analyze the effects of a spin resonance mode on the scattering tunneling microscopy(STM) spectra of a d-wave superconductor near a potential scattering center. We identify a counterintuitive two-unit-cell spatial modulation, at o ≃ +/-(Delta0 + O0)/h, where Delta 0 is the energy gap and O0 is the resonance mode energy. This effect can be tested by the Fourier-transformed STM technique.
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Silicon microlithography using metastable argon((3)phosphorus(0,2)) atomsHill, Shannon B. January 1999 (has links)
The design and characterization of an intense source of metastable Ar(3P0,2) atoms is described together with its application in the patterning of Si surfaces. Two different approaches to patterning were investigated. In the first, a hydrogen-passivated Si(100) surface was exposed to the Ar(3P0,2) metastable atom beam, in the presence of a small partial pressure of O2, using a 2000 line/inch grid as a mask. The hydrogen-passivation layer is removed in those areas exposed to the beam, allowing formation of an oxide resist. Subsequent immersion in a KOH solution results in selective etching of the hydrogen-passivated regions, producing an image of the grid on the Si surface with ∼20 nm feature depths. In the second approach, an octadecylsiloxane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) grown on the native oxide of a Si(100) surface was exposed to the metastable atom beam through the grid. Ar(3P 0,2) impact damages the SAM permitting pattern transfer through subsequent plasma and chemical etching. Because metastable atom beams can be manipulated and focused using optical fields, these methods could provide the basis for a new maskless, massively-parallel approach to nanoscale fabrication on Si that is not limited in resolution by space charge or diffraction effects as in conventional charged-beam and optical techniques.
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Optical spectroscopy and numerical modeling of nonradiative shocks in supernova remnantsGhavamian, Parviz January 2000 (has links)
This thesis is an observational and theoretical study of the optical emission from nonradiative shocks in three supernova remnants: the Cygnus Loop, RCW 86 and Tycho, which together span a wide range of shock velocities (300 ≲ vS ≲ 2000 km s-1). The spectra are dominated by Balmer lines of H which have both a broad component caused by proton-neutral charge exchange and a narrow component produced by collisional excitation close to the shock front. The broad to narrow flux ratios observed in all three remnants are systematically smaller in Halpha than in Hbeta, and the narrow Balmer decrement is larger than the broad Balmer decrement. The broad component Halpha profiles of RCW 86 and Tycho are Gaussian, indicating that the postshock protons follow a Maxwellian velocity distribution.
To model the data, a new numerical shock code was developed which computes the broad and narrow Balmer line emission from a nonradiative shock in partially neutral gas. The models calculate the density, temperature and size of the postshock ionization layer for arbitrary electron-proton temperature equilibrations, and use a Monte Carlo simulation to compute narrow Balmer line enhancement from Lyman line trapping. The models constrain the shock velocity and equilibration of nonradiative shocks in each remnant using the observed Halpha and Hbeta broad to narrow ratios.
The models show that differences between the observed broad and narrow Balmer decrements can be explained by Lyman line trapping. The models also show that variations in electron-proton equilibration can reproduce the observed range of broad to narrow ratios. The results give 50--100% equilibration in nonradiative portions of the NE Cygnus Loop (vS ∼ 300 km s-1) and 40--50% equilibration in nonradiative portions of RCW 86 (vS ∼ 600 km s-1 ). In Tycho there are major discrepancies between the predicted and observed broad to narrow ratios, with only the Hbeta ratio matching the observations. The discrepancies may be due to additional narrow component emission that arises from a cosmic ray/fast neutral precursor. The observed Hbeta broad to narrow ratio implies ≲ 20% equilibration in Tycho. Hence, there is an inverse correlation between Mach number and equilibration for the three observed remnants. This correlation suggests there may be significant differences between collisionless shocks at low and high Mach numbers.
The spectroscopic observations also led to the serendipitous discovery of a photoionization precursor in Tycho. The precursor appears as a faint, diffuse region that extends several arcminutes ahead of the Balmer-dominated shocks in Tycho. A new photoionization model shows that the diffuse emission is mostly warm, neutral gas heated to ∼12,000 K by He II lambda304 photons from the nonradiative shock. High resolution spectra indicate that the upstream gas is further heated to ∼40,000 K just before entering the shock. This additional heating may arise from a second precursor produced either by cosmic rays or fast (broad component) neutrals from behind the hot postshock gas.
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Implementation of SEMPA using a high efficiency retarding-potential Mott polarimeterBarnes, Julius, II January 1999 (has links)
Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) provides a novel tool with which to image surface magnetic structure. In SEMPA, a tightly focussed electron beam is directed at the sample surface and the polarization of the ejected low-energy secondary electrons, which mirrors the local surface magnetization, is measured. A magnetic image is then built up by scanning the incident electron beam point-by-point over the sample surface. Here, a new SEMPA instrument is described that makes use of a high-efficiency retarding-potential Mott polarimeter. The incident electron beam is provided by an ISI-SX40 SEM column. Low-energy secondary electrons ejected from the sample surface are collected and transported to the Mott polarimeter by a series of electrostatic lenses. A Wein spin rotator is also included in the electron transport optics to allow measurement of the full vector polarization of the ejected electrons, and thus the surface vector magnetization. Tests show that the performance of the present SEMPA instrument is superior to that of earlier designs. The apparatus has been used to image the domain structure on the surface of an Fe 3% Si sample, and to image tracks recorded in-plane on a cobalt alloy medium.
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Simulation of electron beam dyanmics in the 22 MeV accelerator for a coherent electron cooling proof of principle experimentOwen, Justin 19 April 2014 (has links)
<p> Coherent electron cooling (CeC) offers a potential new method of cooling hadron beams in colliders such as the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) or the future electron ion collider eRHIC. A 22 MeV linear accelerator is currently being built as part of a proof of principle experiment for CeC at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In this thesis we present a simulation of electron beam dynamics including space charge in the 22 MeV CeC proof of principle experiment using the program ASTRA (A Space charge TRacking Algorithm). </p>
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Experimental studies of electron-phonon interactions in gallium nitrideStanton, Nicola Marie January 2001 (has links)
This thesis presents an experimental investigation of the electron-phonon interaction in GaN. Bulk epilayers, grown by MBE, and AIGaN/GaN heterostructures, grown by MOCVD, have been studied. The energy relaxation rate for hot electrons has been measured over a wide range of temperatures, allowing both acoustic and optic phonon emission to be studied in GaN epilayers. Direct phonon measurements, both studying the emission and absorption processes, have been performed. Detection of phonons emitted when hot electrons relax their excess energy complements the measurements of relaxation rates. Absorption of acoustic phonons by the epilayers, using both fixed and extended metal film phonon sources, allowed investigation into the effectiveness of the 2kF cutoff in the low mobility layers. The experimental findings are compared with the predictions of theory. AIGaN/GaN heterostructures were characterised and measurements of the energy relaxation rate in the temperature range 4K-40K obtained. Excellent agreement with theory is observed. A preliminary study of phonon absorption by the 2DEG system is presented, which allowed experimental determination of the "thickness" of the 2DEG and demonstrated the applicability of the technique in the study of low dimensional systems.
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Hyper-fast NMR imagingHarvey, P. R. January 1991 (has links)
The work presented in this thesis was carried out in the Physics Department at the University of Nottingham between October 1988 and October 1991. It is the original work of the author except where indicated by reference. This thesis describes the continuation of the development of Echo Volumar Imaging (EVI) to facilitate snapshot imaging of a volume within the human body. Variants of the technique which have also been investigated include a spin echo version, SE-EVI, and a zoomed version ZEVI. All formats acquired data in a modulus fashion in times ranging from 64 ms to 120 ms. Hardware limitations have restricted the image matrix size to 64 x 32 x 8 voxels and prompted the employment of more efficient gradient driver circuitry. A multi-mode resonant gradient circuit is described for use in both Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) and EVI. The circuit behaves in an overall resonant manner but at a fixed number of discrete frequencies. By choosing the number of resonant modes, the circuit can be used to generate approximations to a square wave or trapezoidal waveform. Because of the energy conserving nature of the circuit design much faster current rise times can be achieved with a given amplifier and gradient coil. The multi-mode gradient driver circuit was utilized both for planar imaging and to investigate the effect of rapidly modulated magnetic fields on the human body. A simple neural stimulation model is used to evaluate the stimulation threshold current density for a variety of magnetically induced waveforms and for sinusoidal stimulation as a function of frequency. Experimental results correlate well with the model showing that for short times, contrary to the widely held view, neural stimulation is independent of the magnetic field switching rate dB / dt, but depends on the final magnetic field value.
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The electron-phonon interaction in GaAs/(AlGa)As quantum wellsCross, Andrew John January 2001 (has links)
This thesis presents a study of the electron-phonon interaction in two dimensional electron gases (2DEGs), by measuring of the acoustic phonon emission from a sequence of n-type doped GaAs/(AlGa)As quantum wells. Previous studies of emISSIon from 2DEGs confined in GaAs heterojunctions (Chin et al., 1984) have shown a surprising absence of longitudinal acoustic (LA) mode phonon emission, in contrast with theoretical studies (Vass, 1987) which predict that deformation potential coupled LA mode emission should dominate the energy relaxation processes. This may be attributed to the finite width of the quasi-2D sheet, which imposes a restriction on the maximum emitted phonon wavevector component perpendicular to the 2DEG, leading to a suppression of the emission (the "1Iao cutoff') at smaller phonon wavevectors than predicted by the earlier theory. By using the quantum well width w as a means of modulating the thickness of the 2DEG, the dependence of the 1Iao cutoff on the phonon emission can be directly measured. In the present work, significant LA phonon emission from the quantum well samples is observed. To complement the experimental measurements, the theory of emission from a 2DEG has been modelled in detail using computer simulation techniques. Calculations of the electron-phonon interaction, including matrix element anisotropy and dynamic screening, as well as phonon focusing effects, can be combined to produce accurate predictions of the experimentally detected phonon emission energy spectra.
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Investigation of vibrating-hydrogen based ultrashort molecular phase modulatorSchiavi, Andrea January 2015 (has links)
This thesis investigates the coherent phase modulation of ultrashort pulses using vibrating hydrogen as a molecular medium. Self-phase modulation in a gas-filled hollow core capillary allows the generation of highpower few-cycle pulses in the NIR. Such pulses can be used to drive high harmonic generation (HHG) to deliver attosecond duration pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral region. While reaching unrivalled pulse durations (down to 67 as), these sources have characteristically low efficiencies. The pump-probe spectroscopy community would greatly benefit from brighter short wavelength sources with sub-5 fs duration. In this work I apply Amplified RamaN Impulsive Excitation for Molecular Phase Modulation (ARNIEMPM), a multiple pulse scheme, to coherently prepare vibrating hydrogen molecules and exploit them for the phase modulation of ultrashort pulses. The preparation of the molecular motion is performed via impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and transient stimulated Raman scattering. The generated in-phase motion of molecules creates an oscillating optical polarizability in the medium which can be exploited by a probe pulse propagating through it, acting as a 125THz frequency phase modulator, the fastest among molecular media. This technique has the potential to provide bright, isolated subfemtosecond duration ultra-violet (UV) pulses via spectral broadening of broadband pulses. I experimentally investigate the preparation of the molecular motion against multiple experimental parameters. I then demonstrate the molecular phase modulation of ultrashort broadband probes in the near-infrared (NIR) and UV via a degenerate interferometric scheme. I used a waveguide to increase the interaction length of the process and reduce the energy requirements for the medium preparation. This allowed the use of a single laser system to generate all the required pulses, which are largely diverse in terms of wavelength, duration and power. Additionally, I present a novel technique named Attosecond Resolved Interferometric Electric-field Sampling (ARIES), which is capable of directly measuring the waveform of arbitrary pulses with attosecond resolution. This technique is based on high-harmonic generation (HHG) acting as a temporal gate for an applied secondary field, and tracking its electric field amplitude as a shift in the HHG cut-off frequency. I present experimental demonstration of a pulse waveform measurement by accurately retrieving a know inserted variation in dispersion and carrier-envelope-phase. A theoretical calculation of the technique applicability over a wide spectral range is also presented.
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Simulations of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization pathways in large spin ensemblesWisniewski, Daniel January 2017 (has links)
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a method for signal enhancement in NMR, with numerous applications ranging from medicine to spectroscopy. Despite the success of applications of DNP, the understanding of the underlying theory is still limited. Much of the work on the theory of DNP has been carried out on small spin systems; this is a restriction due to the exponential growth of the Liouville space in quantum simulations. In the work described in this thesis, a methodology is presented by which this exponential scaling can be circumvented. This is done by mathematically projecting the DNP dynamics at resonance onto the Zeeman subspace of the density operator. This has successfully been carried out for the solid effect, cross effect and recently for the Overhauser effect in the solid state (see appendix A.4). The results are incoherent state-dependent dynamics, resembling classical behaviour. Such form of effective dynamics allows the use of kinetic Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate polarization dynamics of very large spin systems; orders of magnitude larger than has previously been possible. We verify the accuracy of the mathematical treatment of SE-DNP and CE-DNP, and illustrate the insight large spin-system simulations provide into the mechanism of DNP. For SE-DNP the mechanism of polarization to the bulk of spin systems is determined to be spin diffusion, and we carried out studies into the efficiency and performance of radicals, with an outlook on radical design. We also show that the Zeeman projection can be applied to heteronuclear spin systems if the nuclear species are close in frequency, and we present a formalism for simulating C-13 nuclear spin systems based on a linear rate approach, enabling simulations of thousands of spins in a matter of minutes. A study into the scaling of the kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm error, and the simulation run time, with respect to an increasing number of spins is also presented. For CE-DNP the error analysis led to establishing a parameter regime in which the effective dynamics are accurate. We show that spin diffusion is the mechanism of transfer of polarization to bulk nuclei. We also show how the effective rates for CE-DNP can be used to understand the efficiency of bi-radicals, point to optimisation possibilities, and hold a potential to aid in bi-radical design. We finally show large scale simulations for CE-DNP bi-radical systems with improved parameters; leading to very rapid build-up of nuclear polarization.
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